Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Knowledge About Management of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients in Peruvian Dental Students: A Logistic Regression Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Questionnaire

Questions	Answers
General knowledge
Q1. CLP embryogenesis occurs by fusion failure of the frontonasal process and maxillary processes. These maxillary processes are derived from the:	First gill arch
	Second gill arch
	Third gill arch
	Fourth gill arch
Q2. Epidemiologically, what type of CLP is most prevalent?	Right
	Left
	Central
	Right and left
Q3. In the new Kernahan classification, the shape of the fissure is plotted by means of numbered boxes that simulate anatomical parts. This classification is called:	Striped Y
	Striped T
	Striped I
	Striped U
Q4. When a baby with CLP is born in a Hospital Center, in the first days of life he/she goes to the Department of:	General Dental Department
	Surgical Department
	Orthopaedic Department
	Neonatology Department
Q5. They are part of the multidisciplinary team that treats CLP patients:	Plastic surgeon, maxillofacial surgeon, otorhinolaryngologist, orthodontist, general dentist, psychologist, speech therapist, paediatrician, geneticist.
	Maxillofacial surgeon, otorhinolaryngologist, general dentist, psychologist, paediatrician, paediatric dentist, geneticist, speech therapist.
	Orthodontist, maxillofacial surgeon, general dentist, psychologist, paediatrician, speech therapist, plastic surgeon, pulmonologist.
	Maxillofacial surgeon, otorhinolaryngologist, paediatrician and orthodontist.
Treatment protocol
Q6. Currently the management of CLP patients includes preoperative orthopedics usually initiated before:	The first month of life
	The third month of life
	The first year of life
	The sixth month of life
Q7. After the orthopedic treatment of CLP in the first months of life, what type of surgery is performed?	Premaxilla
	Primary palate
	Lip
	Bony palate
Q8. How long should treatment of patients with CLP be followed up?	Until the surgical stage has been completed.
	Until the complete development and maturation of the skeleton.
	Until the age of 6 years
	Until the age of 12 years
Q9. Palatoplasty is performed by the plastic surgeon at the age of:	3 years
	1 to 6 months
	3 to 6 years
	12 to 18 months
Nutrition
Q10. Children with CLP and weight and/or nutritional problems respond poorly to shaping and palatal growth stimulation, so it is important to have a diet adequate in:	Protein and iron
	Vitamins
	Fruits
	Carbohydrates
Q11. Can CLP patients drink milk from a feeding bottle?	Yes
	No
Q12. What position is favorable for the infant with CLP when breastfeeding?	Seated
	Semi-sitting
	Upright
	Seated and upright
Oral hygiene
Q13. Can CLP patients be more predisposed to periodontal disease?	Yes
	No
Q14. In patients with CLP, for better oral cavity hygiene and to decrease communication with the nasal cavity and improve feeding, some recommend the use of:	Obturator plate
	Schwarz plate
	Hawley plate
	Palatal plate

Table 2 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Dental Students

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Sex	Male	80	41.9
	Female	111	58.1
Age group	≤ 23 years	104	54.5
	> 23 years	87	45.5
Academic year of study	3^rd year	67	35.1
	4^th year	72	37.7
	5^th year	52	27.2
Marital status	Unmarried	172	90.1
	Married o cohabiting	19	9.9
Place of origin	Capital	107	56.0
	Province	84	44.0
Area of residence	Urban	159	83.2
	Non-urban	32	16.8
Relationship with CLP persons	Family	49	25.7
	Friend and/or Social	14	7.3
	None	128	67.0
Age	Mean	Median	SD
	24.3	23.0	4.2

Abbreviations: SD, Standard Deviation; CLP, Cleft lip and palate.

Figure 1 Frequency of the level of knowledge about dental management of patients with CLP in dental students.

Table 3 Sociodemographic Factors Associated with the Level of Knowledge About Dental Management of CLP Patients

Variable	Category	Knowledge
		Poor	Fair / Good	χ2	*p
		f (%)	f (%)
Sex	Male	61 (31.9)	19 (9.9)	0.040	0.842
	Female	86 (45.0)	25 (13.1)
Age group	≤ 23 years	76 (39.8)	28 (14.7)	1.945	0.163
	> 23 years	71 (37.2)	16 (8.4)
Academic year of study	3^rd year	51 (26.7)	16 (8.4)	0.994	0.608
	4^th year	58 (30.4)	14 (7.3)
	5^th year	38 (19.9)	14 (7.3)
Marital status	Unmarried	131 (68.6)	41 (21.5)	0.625	0.429
	Married or cohabiting	16 (8.4)	3 (1.6)
Place of origin	Capital	89 (46.6)	18 (9.4)	5.299	0.021*
	Province	58 (30.4)	26 (13.6)
Area of residence	Urban	128 (67.0)	31 (16.2)	6.707	0.010*
	Non-urban	19 (9.9)	13 (6.8)
Relationship with CLP persons	Family	38 (19.9)	11 (5.8)	3.384	0.184
	Friend and/or Social	8 (4.2)	6 (3.1)
	None	101 (52.9)	27 (14.1)

Notes: χ2: statistic based on Pearson’s chi-square, *p<0.05 (significant association).

Table 4 Knowledge by Dimensions About Dental Management of CLP Patients Associated with Sociodemographic Factors

Questions	Incorrect	Correct	Sex	Age Group	Academic Year of Study	Marital Status	Place of Origin	Area of Residence	Relationship with CLP Persons
	f (%)	f (%)	*p	*p	*p	*p	*p	*p	*p
General knowledge
Q1	116 (60.7)	75 (39.3)	0.860	0.585	0.056	0.820	0.134	0.569	0.148
Q2	151 (79.1)	40 (20.9)	0.653	0.663	0.744	0.990	0.614	0.418	0.418
Q3	106 (55.5)	85 (44.5)	0.011*	0.708	0.112	0.825	0.856	0.493	0.221
Q4	80 (41.9)	111 (58.1)	0.103	0.294	0.275	0.639	0.809	0.815	0.033*
Q5	126 (66.0)	65 (34.0)	0.705	0.269	0.045	0.812	0.174	0.203	0.842
Treatment protocol
Q6	131 (68.6)	60 (31.4)	0.365	0.918	0.081	0.987	0.147	0.013*	0.211
Q7	154 (80.6)	37 (19.4)	0.852	0.247	0.251	0.677	0.013	0.004*	0.142
Q8	70 (36.6)	121 (63.4)	0.688	0.348	0.130	0.985	0.812	0.361	0.228
Q9	127 (66.5)	64 (33.5)	0.025*	0.963	0.829	0.403	0.964	0.350	0.899
Nutrition
Q10	42 (22.0)	149 (78.0)	0.119	0.314	0.215	0.917	0.591	0.628	0.808
Q11	122 (63.9)	69 (36.1)	0.376	0.635	0.084	0.945	0.086	0.325	0.968
Q12	89 (46.6)	102 (53.4)	0.935	0.030*	0.929	0.679	0.967	0.458	0.455
Oral hygiene
Q13	23 (12.0)	168 (88.0)	0.775	0.496	0.440	0.597	0.399	0.611	0.518
Q14	157 (82.2)	34 (17.8)	0.500	0.572	0.129	0.132	0.435	0.724	0.081

Notes: *Based on Pearson’s chi-square, *p<0.05 (significant association).

Abbreviations: f, absolute frequency; CLP, cleft lip and palate.

Table 5 Logistic Regression Model for Knowledge About Dental Management of CLP Patients

Variable	Category	Crude Model				Adjusted Model
		OR	95% CI		*p	OR	95% CI		**p
			LL	UL			LL	UL
Sex (X1)	Male	0.88	0.42	1.83	0.725
	Female	Ref.
Age group (X2)	≤ 23 years	0.53	0.25	1.14	0.103
	> 23 years	Ref.
Academic year of study (X3)	3^rd year	1.26	0.50	3.16	0.620
	4^th year	1.40	0.54	3.60	0.484
	5^th year	Ref.
Marital status (X4)	Unmarried	0.54	0.13	2.14	0.379
	Married or cohabiting	Ref.
Place of origin (X5)	Capital	1.52	0.67	3.45	0.313
	Province	Ref.
Area of residence (X6)	Urban	2.31	0.88	6.02	0.088*	2.83	1.26	6.33	0.012**
	Non-urban	Ref.					Ref.
Relationship with CLP persons (X7)	Family	0.89	0.38	2.09	0.797
	Friend and/or Social	0.40	0.12	1.35	0.139
	None	Ref.

Notes: Logit model: all variables were entered in the statistical analysis of the raw model (*p<0.2; with potential association). However, the model was adjusted with the stepwise method, considering **p<0.05 as significant association. Pseudo R² = 0.068.

Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; LL, Lower Limit; UL, Upper Limit.