Biomarkers for Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Utility

Figures & data

Table 1 Molecular Biomarkers in Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Biomarker	Biomarker´s Characteristics	Prognostic Significance	Therapeutics Options	References
Tumor-associated biomarkers
Hormone receptors	ER-/PR-			[^Citation2,Citation16^–^Citation18]
HER2	HER2+		antiHER2	[^Citation2,Citation16^–^Citation18]
E-cadherin	Intracellular translocation	Cancer cells migration		[^Citation7]
IBC-related genetic biomarkers
MYC	MYC amplif. in TN IBC			[^Citation19]
p53	Mutation, cytoplasmic sequestration	↑ risk of death		[^Citation21,Citation22]
ERBB2	ERBB2 mutation		Potential target for HR+ IBC	[^Citation20]
miRNAs
miR-301b, miR-451, miR-15a, miR-342-3p, miR-342-5p	Potential diagnostic biomarkers			[^Citation23]
miR-19a, miR-7, miR-324-5p		Better prognosis		[^Citation23]
miR-21, miR-205		Poorer prognosis		[^Citation23]
miR-26b and miR-205	Lower expression	Shorter MFS and OS		[^Citation24,Citation25]
WISP3	Loss of WISP3	↑ invasive potential, tumor cells growth		[^Citation26]
Rhoc GTPase	Overexpress.	↑ angiogenesis, invasiveness, tumor cells motility		[^Citation27^–^Citation29]
MARCKS	Overexpress.	↓ MFS		[^Citation32,Citation33]
Caveolin 1	Upregulation	↑ invasiveness		[^Citation30,Citation31]
VEGF-D	Upregulation	↑ angiogenic and angioinvasive potential	Angiogenesis inhibitors (Bevacizumab)	[^Citation36^–^Citation40]
PDGFRα	Upregulation	↑ angiogenesis	PDGFRα inhibitor (BLU-285), monoclonal antibodies (olaratumab)	[^Citation7]
EGFR	EGFR+	Chemotherapy resistance, ↑ recurrence rates, ↑ risk of death		[^Citation7,Citation41]
Cyclin E	Overexpress.	Tumors cells invasion and chemoresistance	CDK inhibitors – targeting cyclin E/CDK2 complex (dinaciclib)	[^Citation42^–^Citation45]
EZH2	Expression	Higher risk of radioresistance	Radiosensitizers (CDK inhibitors)	[^Citation46]
Affected pathways
NF-κB pathway	Upregulation of antiapoptotic factors	Resistance to chemotherapy		[^Citation47^–^Citation49]
JAK/STAT pathway	pJAK2 and pSTAT3 activation	Survival of cancer cells, chemotherapy resistance		[^Citation50^–^Citation53]
HER/PI3K/mTOR pathway	mTOR activation through pS6	Oncogenic signaling promotion	mTOR inhibitor (everolimus)	[^Citation50,Citation56,Citation57]
COX2 pathway	overexpress.	chronic inflammation, poorer OS		[^Citation58,Citation59]
Tumor microenvironment associated biomarkers
CD44, CD49f, CD133/2	Overexpress. in TME	Markers of stem cells – phenotype of IBC influence		[^Citation60]
CD68	Overexpress. in TME	Markers of macrophages – phenotype of IBC influence		[^Citation60]
CSF1	TAMs polarisation	Proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis	antiCSF1	[^Citation7]
IL-6	Upregulation	Proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis	anti Il-6	[^Citation54,Citation55]
PDL1	Overexpress.	T-cells exhaustion	anti-PDL1	[^Citation59,Citation66^–^Citation69,Citation83]
Blood-based biomarkers
CTC	Detectable CTC – prognostic significance	Shorter DFS and OS, lower levels of myeloid-DCs		[^Citation71,Citation74^–^Citation76]
MMP2	High baseline levels – prognostic significance	Better DFS and OS		[^Citation78]
MMP9	Low baseline levels – prognostic significance	Better DFS and OS		[^Citation78]

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