Breast Cancer Detection Using Low-Frequency Bioimpedance Device

Figures & data

Figure 1 Simplification of the Frick’s model following the use of a low-frequency current.

Abbreviations: Re, extracellular resistance; Ri, intracellular resistance; C, cell membrane capacitance.

Figure 2 Program flowchart.

Table 1 Intracellular and Extracellular Concentrations of Ions

Ion	Intracellular Concentration (Calculation) mM^a	Intracellular Concentration (Experimental) mM^a
Na^+	7	15
K^+	162	150
Cl^−	3	5
Ca2^+	1.7 10^−4	10^−4
Mg2^+	0.97	1
HCO3^−	14	8

Note: mM^a, in millimolar concentration.

Figure 3 Different solutions of Na⁺Cl⁻ with water volume = 340 mL.

Figure 4 Bland-Altman analysis for resistors measurement accuracy, with Bias = 5.09, upper LOA= 20.36 and lower LOA= −10.18.

Figure 5 Resistance variation as a function of Na⁺Cl⁻ concentration.

Figure 6 Evolution of the resistance as a function of time for different Na⁺Cl⁻ concentrations.

Table 2 In Vivo Measurements

Patient N°	Age-Ranges (year)	Weight (Kg)	Resistance of the Right Breast (Ω)	Resistance of the Left Breast (Ω)	Difference^a (Ω)	Warning if Difference > 50Ω
1	17–29	47	231	240	9	No risk
2	17–29	59	301	277	24	No risk
3	17–29	55	401	403	2	No risk
4	17–29	70	555	601	46	No risk
5	17–29	72	386	379	7	No risk
6	30–39	62	513	537	24	No risk
7	30–39	57	700	655	45	No risk
8	30–39	73	610	630	20	No risk
9	30–39	80	713	678	35	No risk
10	30–39	66	523	550	27	No risk
11	30–39	82	730	741	11	No risk
12	30–39	65	630	670	40	No risk
13	50–59	92	820	835	15	No risk
14	40–49	69	639	593	46	No risk
15	40–49	62	454	479	25	No risk
16	40–49	73	670	707	37	No risk
17	40–49	86	497	531	34	No risk
18	40–49	79	527	488	39	No risk
19	40–49	89	588	541	47	No risk
20	40–49	91	590	603	13	No risk
21	40–49	75	658	699	41	No risk
22	40–49	66	700	655	45	No risk
23	50–59	78	911	953	42	No risk
24	50–59	66	730	695	35	No risk
25	50–59	87	850	875	25	No risk
26	50–59	71	730	850	120	Warning
27	50–59	68	540	559	19	No risk
28	50–59	69	420	426	6	No risk
29	50–59	65	900	921	21	No risk
30	50–59	56	389	410	21	No risk
31	50–59	82	680	723	43	No risk
32	60–69	73	600	648	48	No risk
33	60–69	78	590	566	24	No risk
34	60–69	71	440	478	38	No risk
35	60–69	80	490	513	23	No risk
36	60–69	78	600	553	47	No risk
37	60–69	59	570	521	49	No risk
38	60–69	92	870	909	39	No risk
39	60–69	71	540	577	37	No risk
40	60–69	80	630	591	39	No risk

Note:^aDifference between measured resistances of the right and left breast.