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Review

Optical imaging for breast cancer prescreening

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Pages 193-209 | Published online: 20 Jul 2015

Figures & data

Table 1 Conventional breast cancer prescreening/screening and emerging imaging modalities

Figure 1 Spectrum of absorption from 400 nm to 1,000 nm.

Notes: The biological optical imaging window allows deeper penetration of light from the wavelengths of around 650–900 nm due to minimal absorption by the tissue components, HbO, Hb, and H2O in this wavelength range. Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publisher Ltd: Weissleder R. A clearer vision for in vivo imaging. Nat Biotechnol. 2001;19(4):316–317, Copyright ©2001.Citation53
Abbreviation: Hb, hemoglobin.
Figure 1 Spectrum of absorption from 400 nm to 1,000 nm.

Figure 2 Different hand-held probes developed for early detection of breast cancer, showing their source–detector layouts and the actual device.

Note: The source-detector configuration and the actual device are shown for each of the devices (A-I) in . (A) Adapted from Tromberg BJ. Optical scanning and breast cancer. Acad Radiol. 2005;12(8):923–924, with permission from Elsevier.Citation62 (B) ©2005 IEEE. Reprinted, with permission, from No KS, Chou PH. Mini-FDPM and heterodyne mini-FDPM: handheld non-invasive breast cancer detectors based on frequency-domain photon migration. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I Reg Papers. 2005;52(12):2672–2685.Citation77 (C) Adapted from Chance B, Nioka S, Zhang J, et al. Breast cancer detection based on incremental biochemical and physiological properties of breast cancers: a six-year, two-site study. Acad Radiol. 2005;12(8):925–933, with permission from Elsevier.Citation138 (D) Adapted with permission from Chance B, Zhao Z, Wen S, Chen Y. Simple ac circuit for breast cancer detection and object detection. Rev Sci Instrum. 2006;77:064301. Copyright ©2006, AIP Publishing LLC.Citation59 (E) Adapted with permission from Xu RX, Qiang B, Mao JJ, Povoski SP. Development of a handheld near-infrared imager for dynamic characterization of in vivo biological tissue systems. Appl Opt. 2007;46(30):7442–7451.Citation59 (F) Adapted from Zhu Q, Huang M, Chen N, et al. Ultrasound-guided optical tomographic imaging of malignant and benign breast lesions: initial clinical results of 19 cases. Neoplasia. 2003;5(5):379–388, with permission from Elsevier.Citation114 (G) Adapted from Flexman ML, Kim HK, Stoll R, Khalil MA, Fong CJ, Heilscher AH. A wireless handheld probe with spectrally constrained evolution strategies for diffuse optical imaging of tissue. Rev Sci Instrum. 2012;83:033108. Copyright ©2012, AIP Publishing LLC.Citation115
Abbreviation: CMOS, complementary metal oxide semiconductor.
Figure 2 Different hand-held probes developed for early detection of breast cancer, showing their source–detector layouts and the actual device.

Table 2 Optical imaging devices developed for prescreening or early-stage breast cancer imaging

Figure 3 Setup for breast imaging studies consisting of the breast tissue placed in between two transparent plates.

Notes: A detector is placed above the top plate, the source is placed beneath the bottom plate, and a target is placed beneath the breast tissue and above the bottom plate.
Abbreviation: NIR, near-infrared.
Figure 3 Setup for breast imaging studies consisting of the breast tissue placed in between two transparent plates.

Figure 4 Transmitted NIR optical images of the left breast from subject #1 that were captured at a constant pressure applied on the breast (in all images).

Notes: (A) NIR image was captured without pressure and without target. (B) NIR image was captured without pressure and with the target placed at the location indicated by the black hollow circle at 12 o’clock. (C) Post-processed NIR image after co-registering, subtracting, and masking. The black hollow circle in (B and C) depicts the 2D location of the target at 12 o’clock position in the intramammary fold of the left breast.
Abbreviation: NIR, near-infrared.
Figure 4 Transmitted NIR optical images of the left breast from subject #1 that were captured at a constant pressure applied on the breast (in all images).

Figure 5 Transmitted NIR optical images of the left breast from subject #2 that were captured at a constant pressure applied on the breast (in all images).

Notes: (A) NIR image was captured with applied pressure and without target. (B) NIR image was captured with applied pressure and with the target placed at the location indicated by the hollow black circle at 6 o’clock. (C) Post-processed NIR image after co-registering, subtracting, and masking. The black hollow circle in (B) and (C) depicts the 2D location of the target at 6 o’clock position in the intramammary fold of the left breast.
Abbreviation: NIR, near-infrared.
Figure 5 Transmitted NIR optical images of the left breast from subject #2 that were captured at a constant pressure applied on the breast (in all images).