The Application of Skin Care Product in Melasma Treatment

Figures & data

Table 1 Active Ingredients and Functions of Skin Care Product

Active Ingredient	Function	References
Titanium dioxide	Sunscreening properties	[^Citation20]
Niacinamide	Inhibiting melanogenesis through interfering with the interaction between keratinocytes and melanocytes, inhibiting melanin transfering by modulating the protease-activated receptor (PAR-2), antioxidant by increasing NADPH, improving the skin barrier function by upregulating the synthesis of ceramides and stimulating keratinocyte differentiation	[^Citation23,Citation34]
Vitamin C	Antioxidant, inhibiting tyrosinase through interaction with copper ions at tyrosinase active sites, dcreasing melanogenesis, UV-protective by neutralizing free radicals	[^Citation24]
Vaseline	Moisturizing and recovering the skin barrier through AHR pathway	[^Citation28,Citation40]
Tranexamic acid	Anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic by suppressing of ET-1	[^Citation30]
Resveratrol	Direct and indirect tyrosinase inhibitor by decreasing transcription and post-transcriptional regulation, anti-inflammatory by activating PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathways, regulating inflammatory mediators and affecting arachidonic acid metabolism, UV Protectant through direct antioxidant effects and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway	[^Citation31]
Orchid extracts	Phenolic compounds have antioxidant activities	[^Citation32]
Arbutin	Reduces tyrosinase activity	[^Citation33]
Soybean extract	Antioxidant through raising cellular glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity, preventing antioxidant enzyme depletion, decreasing H2O2 formation, and preventing ornithine decarboxylase induction and DNA degradation, suppressing melanosome metastasis by inhibiting the protease-activated receptor (PAR-2)	[^Citation34]
Aloe extracts	Moisturizing, anti-inflammatory by inhibiting cytokines, ROS production, and JAK1-STAT1/3 signaling pathway, antioxidant through free radical scavenging, metal chelation, and enzyme regulation, reducing the production of melanin by inhibiting the hydroxylation of tyrosine to DOPA and oxidation of DOPA, promoting wound healing by increasing cell migration via phosphorylation of Cdc42 and Rak1, cytokines, and growth factors	[^Citation35,Citation36]
Extract of Camellia sinensis	Moisturizing by reducing TEWL value, anti-inflammation by inhibiting the production of NO, PGE (2) and TNF-ɑ and reducing the expression of COX and iNOS gene, anti-oxidation by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing the activity of oxidase in keratinocytes, and tyrosinase inhibitor	[^Citation37]
Cysteamine	Anti-oxidation and inhibition of tyrosinase and peroxidase activity	[^Citation38]
Glycerol	Moisturizing by increasing the water content in the superficial and reducing TEWL value	[^Citation41]
Hyaluronic acid	Moisturizing and anti-inflammatory	[^Citation42]
Fruit acid (alpfa hydroxy acids)	Accelerating the exfoliation of keratinocytes, moisturing, repair skin barrier and antioxidant	[^Citation43]

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