Periodontal Disease Status and Associated Risk Factors in Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 The Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=420)

Characteristics		Number	Percentage
Age (year)	20–34	307	73.1
	35–49	61	14.5
	50–64	52	12.4
Sex	Male	214	51.0
	Female	206	49.0
Marital status	Single	197	46.9
	Married	207	49.3
	Divorced/widowed	16	3.8
Educational status	No formal education	91	21.7
	Has formal education	329	78.3
Occupation	Farmer	64	15.2
	Student	148	35.2
	Government employee	73	17.4
	NGO-employee	9	2.1
	Merchant/personal business	126	30.0
Religion	Orthodox	378	90.0
	Muslim	26	6.2
	Protestant	9	2.1
	Catholic	7	1.7
Residency	Urban	328	78.1
	Rural	92	21.9
Monthly income	<2500 ETB	311	74.0
	≥2500 ETB	109	26.0

Table 2 Frequency Distribution of the Associated Factors for Periodontal Disease

Associated Factor		Number	Percentage (%)
Habit of tooth brushing	Yes	303	72.2
	No	117	27.8
Frequency of tooth brush	After every meal	4	1.3
	Twice/day	21	6.9
	Once/day	88	29.1
	Irregular	190	62.7
Time of tooth brush	Before bed	14	4.6
	Morning	132	43.6
	Both in the morning and before bed	26	8.6
	No-fixed time	131	43.2
Way of tooth brushing	Horizontal stroke	248	81.8
	Vertical stroke	33	10.9
	Semi-circular	22	7.3
Habit of carbohydrate intake	Yes	306	72.9
	No	114	27.1
Self-perceived halitosis	Yes	191	45.5
	No	229	54.5

Table 3 The Periodontal Status of the Study Participants Based on the Independent Variables

Predisposing Factors/Characteristics		Periodontal Condition
		Code 0 (Healthy Gum)	Code 1 (BOP)	Code 2 (Calculus Deposition)	Code 3 (4–5mm)	Code 4 (≥6mm)
Age (year)	20–34	205	27	16	50	9
	35–49	28	6	4	15	8
	50–64	9	9	0	26	8
Sex	Male	141	17	16	32	8
	Female	101	25	4	59	17
Marital status	Single	169	8	12	4	4
	Married	69	30	4	87	17
	Divorced/widowed	4	4	4	4	0
Educational status	No formal education	32	17	4	25	13
	Has formal education	210	25	16	66	12
Residency	Urban	198	25	16	65	24
	Rural	44	17	4	26	1
Monthly income	<2500 ETB	165	30	21	79	16
	≥2500 ETB	77	12	0	12	8
Religion	Orthodox	224	42	20	71	21
	Muslim	14	0	0	8	4
	Protestant	4	0	0	5	0
	Catholic	0	0	0	7	0
Tooth brushing	Yes	207	21	16	51	8
	No	36	21	4	40	16
Frequency of brushing	After every meal	4	0	0	0	0
	Twice/day	11	3	2	0	5
	Once/day	59	8	4	9	8
	Irregularly	110	13	16	43	8
Timing of tooth brushing	Before bed	7	2	1	0	4
	Morning	90	13	12	8	9
	Both in the morning and before bed	17	0	0	9	0
	No fixed time	82	8	8	23	10
Way of tooth brushing	Horizontal stroke	161	21	12	46	8
	Vertical stroke	7	0	6	9	11
	Semi-circular	18	0	2	0	3
Consumption of carbohydrates	Yes	190	25	12	55	24
	No	48	17	8	36	1
Halitosis	Yes	106	16	16	33	20
	No	136	26	4	43	5
Smoking habit	Yes	58	13	8	9	12
	No	184	30	16	78	12
Systemic disease	Yes	23	0	5	4	8
	No	154	21	12	63	12

Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of Variables Associated with Periodontal Disease Among Patients Visited the Dental Clinic of the University of Gondar Comprehensive Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia

Factor		Periodontitis		AOR (95% CI)	P value
		Yes	No
Age	20–34	102	205	1	0.0000
	35–49	33	28	4.05 (2.65, 7.01)
	50–64	43	9	9.61 (6.42, 13.04)
Sex	Male	73	141	1	0.0004
	Female	105	101	2.00 (1.36, 2.97)
Educational level	No formal education	59	32	3.25 (2.00, 5.29)	<0.0001
	Has formal education	119	210	1
Residency	Urban	130	198	1	0.031
	Rural	48	44	1.66 (1.04, 2.65)
Monthly income	<2500 ETB	146	165	2.13 (1.33, 3.40)	0.001
	≥2500 ETB	32	77	1
Tooth brushing	Yes	96	207	1	<0.0001
	No	81	36	4.85 (3.059, 7.69)
Carbohydrate food intake	Yes	116	194	1	0.0005
	No	62	48	2.16 (1.39, 3.36)
Self-perceived halitosis	Yes	100	106	1.64 (1.11, 2.43)	0.012
	No	78	136	1
Smoking habit	Yes	43	58	1.01 (0.64, 1.59)	0.52
	No	135	184	1
Systemic disease	Yes	23	17	1.96 (1.02, 3.79)	0.041
	No	155	225	1