Determinants of Dental Health Problems Among Adult Patients at Dental Clinic, Debre Berhan Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia: Unmatched Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants, DBCSH Dental Clinic, 2018

Variables	Cases (n=134)		Controls (n=133)		X^2-value	df	P-value
	Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Sex
Male	75	55.9	62	46.6	2.34	1	0.126
Female	59	44.1	71	53.4
Religion
Orthodox	114	85.1	97	72.9	7.96	2	0.019
Muslim	17	12.7	24	18.0
Protestant	3	02.2	12	09.1
Occupation
Student	23	17.2	26	19.5	30.31	5	<0.001
Gov’t employee	20	14.9	47	35.3
Merchant	23	17.2	29	21.8
Farmer	43	32.1	14	10.5
Daily labourer	15	11.1	14	10.5
House wives	10	07.5	3	02.3
Educational status
No formal education	53	39.6	22	16.5	13.49	1	<0.001
Have formal education	81	60.4	111	83.5
Average income
<1500 ETB	75	55.9	57	42.8	4.6	1	0.032
≥1500 ETB	59	44.1	76	57.2

Table 2 Response of Study Participants on Knowledge Assessing Questions in DBCSH Dental Clinic, Ethiopia, March 2018

Variables	Options	Cases		Control		X^2-value	df	P-value
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
Causes of tooth decay	Sugar foods	86	64.2	69	51.8
	Germs	37	27.6	57	42.8
	Hard foods	1	0.7	6	4.5
	I do not know	10	7.4	1	0.7
Tooth decay prevented	Yes	121	90.3	130	97.0
	No	13	9.7	3	6.7
Ways of prevention	Brushing after meal	96	71.6	80	60.2
	Regular dental check-up	22	16.4	37	27.8
	Avoid hard foods	18	13.4	16	12.3
What causes black spot	Chat	102	76.1	117	87.9
	Cigarette	113	84.3	111	83.5
	Tea	11	8.2	10	7.5
	Others	6	4.4	1	0.7
Yellowish or brown colour on tooth	Unhealthy gum	114	85.1	124	93.2
	Healthy gum	20	14.9	9	6.7
What treatment would you prefer	Filling	23	17.2	40	30.0
	Extraction	109	81.3	91	68.4
	Artificial	0	0.00	1	0.7
	I do not know	2	1.5	1	0.7
Fluorides can prevent tooth decay	Agree	42	31.3	70	52.6
	Disagree	91	67.9	63	47.3
	Do not know	1	0.7	0	0
Mouth wash prevent decay	Agree	82	61.2	114	85.7
	Disagree	47	35.1	18	13.5
	Do not know	5	3.7	1	0.7
Healthy tooth looks	White and shiny	64	47.8	68	51.1
	Strong and caries free	70	52.2	63	47.3
	Do not know	0	0	2	1.5
Sweet foods cause caries	Yes	123	91.8	126	94.7
	No	11	8.2	7	5.3
Cold drinks causes caries	Yes	32	23.9	55	41.4
	No	102	76.1	78	58.6
Is dental check-up important	Yes	93	69.4	108	81.2
	No	41	30.6	25	18.8
Knowledge status	Good	37	27.6	60	45	8.8	1	0.003
	Poor	97	72.4	73	55

Table 3 Attitude of Study Participants Towards Dental Health Problems in DBCSH Dental Clinic, Ethiopia, March 2018

Variables	Options	Case (n)		Control (n)		X^2-value	df	P-value
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
Does oral health important for overall health?	Yes	121	90.3	129	96.9	4.25	1	0.039
	No	13	97.0	4	3.0
Do you worry about your dental health?	Yes	123	91.8	128	96.2
	No	11	8.2	5	3.7
Why do we care about our teeth and gum health?	Have good smile	24	17.9	53	39.8
	Prevent bad breath	109	81.3	118	88.7
	To keep teeth healthy	94	70.1	96	72.1
	To reduce treatment	30	22.4	54	40.6
How much do you think dental problem can affect general health?	Always	52	38.8	43	32.2
	Sometimes	81	60.4	89	6.1
	Never	1	0.7	1	0.7
How do you describe your dental health?	Excellent	3	2.2	6	4.5
	Very good	4	2.9	54	40.6
	Good	46	34.2	72	54.1
	Poor	81	60.4	1	0.7
How often did you have teeth or gum problem in the last one year?	Frequently	31	23.1	0	0
	Sometimes	99	73.9	4	3.0
	Never	5	3.7	128	96.2
Attitude status	Favourable attitude	22	16.5	51	38.4	15.87	1	<0.001
	Unfavourable attitude	112	83.5	82	61.6

Table 4 Tooth Brushing Practice of Study Participants DBCSH Dental Clinic, Ethiopia, March 2018

Variables	Options	Cases (n=134)	Controls (n=133)			X^2-value	df	P-value
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
Tooth brushing practice	Yes	46	34.3	107	80.5	58	1	<0.001
	No	88	65.7	26	19.5
Frequency of brushing	Daily	28	60.9	74	69.2
	Weekly	15	32.6	33	30.8
	Monthly	02	4.3	0	0
Brush tooth per day	One times	24	85.7	57	77.1
	Two times	4	14.3	17	22.9
When do you brush your teeth?	After meal	29	21.6	67	50.3
	Before meal	6	4.4	6	4.5
	In b/n meals	3	2.2	20	15.0
	Before & after meals	8	5.9	13	9.7
Reason for brushing tooth	To avoid bad breath	29	53.0	82	76.6
	To avoid tooth decay	40	87.0	81	75.7
	To have whiter tooth	8	17.4	71	66.4
Do you use tooth paste?	Yes	36	78.3	94	87.9	2.32	1	0.13
	No	10	21.7	13	12.1
The role of tooth paste	Kills germs	28	60.9	94	87.9
	Remove dirt	38	82.6	89	83.2
	Tastes good	8	17.4	18	16.8
Frequency of changing tooth brush	Once per year	1	0.7	3	2.2
	After every 3 month	19	14.2	41	30.8
	After 6 month	7	5.2	31	23.3
	Lost or spoil	19	14.2	32	24.1
What do you use for flossing?	Match stick	5	3.7	31	23.3
	Inter dental brush	38	28.4	67	50.4
	Thread	2	1.5	2	1.5
Reasons for not brushing tooth	It hurts	6	4.4	1	0.7
	Causes bleeding	44	32.8	17	12.7
	No time	13	9.7	5	3.7
	No brush	19	14.2	2	1.5
	Not necessary	7	5.2	1	0.7
Gum bleeding is prevented by	Bruising the tooth	18	13.4	42	31.5
	Using vitamins	68	50.7	106	79.7
	I do not know	60	44.7	21	15.8
Have you ever visited dentist?	Yes	95	70.9	2	1.5	138	1	<0.001
	No	39	29.1	131	97.7

Table 5 Bivariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Dental Health Problems Among Adult Patients at Debre Berhan Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Dental Clinic, Ethiopia, March 2018

Variables	Cross Tabulation		COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)
	Cases	Controls
Age group (in years)
<25	33	42	0.35 (0.17, 0.70)	0.003	-
25–30	28	36	0.35 (0.17, 0.71)	0.004	-
30–41	28	35	0.36 (0.17, 0.73)	0.005	-
>41	45	20	1
Sex
Male	75	62	1	0.127	-
Female	59	71	0.68 (0.43, 1.11)
Educational status
No formal Edu	53	22	3.30 (1.86, 5.86)	<0.001	-
Has formal Edu	81	111	1
Income categories
<1000 ETB	58	39	1.82 (1.09, 3.02)	0.021	-
≥1001 ETB	76	93	1
Have information about dental health?
Yes	78	123	0.11 (0.06, 0.24)	<0.001	0.28 (0.12, 0.64)
No	56	10	1
Have radio?
Yes	102	122	0.26 (0.12, 0.56)	0.001	-
No	32	10	1
Have television?
Yes	51	83	0.37 (0.23, 0.61)	<0.001	-
No	83	50	1
Knowledge status
Poor	97	73	2.16 (1.29, 3.59)	0.003	-
Good	37	60	1
Do you brush your teeth?
Yes	46	107	0.13 (0.07, 0.22)	<0.001	0.24 (0.13, 0.45)
No	88	26	1
Ever drunk alcohol?
Yes	99	82	1.76 (1.05, 2.96)	0.033	-
No	35	51	1
Have diagnosed gastritis?
Yes	28	06	5.59 (2.23, 14.01)	<0.001	3.12 (1.14, 8.57)
No	106	127	1

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.