Association Between AIM2 and Pycard Genes Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Periodontitis with Coronary Heart Disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the study design for CHD and periodontitis patients.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Periodontal Parameters, 1L-18 and Gasdermin D of the Control (C), Generalized Periodontitis (P), CHD and Clinically Healthy Periodontium (as-C); and CHD with Generalized Periodontitis (as-P) Groups. Data are Expressed as the Mean ± SD

Study Group	Control (C) (n = 30)	Generalized Periodontitis (P) (n = 30)	CHD and Clinically Healthy Periodontium (AS-C) (n = 30)	CHD with General Periodontitis (AS-P) (n = 30)	Study Group p value
Mean age ± SD	54.03± 7.62	54.83± 7.5	58.06± 7.00	57.76± 5.91	0.061^NS
Mean BMI ± SD	21.35± 1.58	21.17± 1.27	21.79± 1.44	21.42± 2.17	0.529^NS
Gender
Male (n, %)	24 (80.0%)	24 (80.0%)	24 (80.0%)	23 (76.7%)	1.00^NS
Female (n, %)	6 (20.0%)	6 (20.0%)	6 (20.0%)	7 (23.3%)
Mean PLI ± SD (%)	11.799±2.297	65.102±1.193	18.414±2.702	68.691±2.385	0.001**
Mean BOP ± SD (%)	5.558± 1.547	50.940±2.989	5.749± 1.696	52.353±2.236	0.001**
Mean PPD ± SD (mm)	0.00 ± 0.00	4.876±1.599	0.00 ± 0.00	7.228±1.740	0.001**
Mean CAL ± SD (mm)	0.00 ± 0.00	6.563±1.603	0.00 ± 0.00	8.001±1.500	0.001**
Mean IL-18 ±SD pg/mL	6.594±2.937	65.862±13.96	102.418±8.47	145.77±6.29	0.001**
Mean GSDMD ±SD ng/mL	1.019± 0.195	8.647± 0.989	14.772± 1.773	20.894± 3.077	0.001**

Note: **significant p ≤ 0.01.

Abbreviations: NS, Non-significant; n, number; SD, standard deviation; %, percentage; mm, millimeter; pg/mL, picogram/milliliter; ng/mL, nanogram/milliliter; GSDMD, gasdermin D; BMI, body mass index; PLI, plaque index; BOP, bleeding on probing; PPD, probing pocket depth; CAL, clinical attachment loss.

Figure 2 The mean value of salivary IL-18 levels in the study groups; **significant p ≤ 0.01.

Abbreviations: C, the control group; P, generalized periodontitis group; AS-C, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease and clinically healthy periodontium group; AS-P, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease with generalized periodontitis group; pg/mL, picogram/milliliter.

Figure 3 The mean value of salivary gasdermin D levels in the study groups; **significant p ≤ 0.01.

Abbreviations: C, the control group; P, generalized periodontitis group; AS-C, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease and clinically healthy periodontium group; AS-P, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease with generalized periodontitis group; ng/mL, nanogram/milliliter.

Table 2 AIM2 G/T (rs2793845) Genotype Distribution, Allele Frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Between Control Group and Periodontitis, Atherosclerotic with Health Periodontium and Atherosclerotic with Periodontitis Patients’ Groups

Genotype	Control n=30	P n=30	P value	O.R (95%Cl)	AS-C n=30	P value	O.R (95% Cl)	AS-P n=30	P value	O.R (95% Cl)
GG	24 (80%)	1 (3%)	0.000**	116.0 (14.6 to 122)	4 (13%)	0.000**	26.02 (6.318 to 83.43)	0 (0%)	0.000**	120.0 (15.20 to 1265)
GT	1 (3%)	7 (23%)	0.0227*	0.113 (0.00 to 0.74)	9 (30%)	0.0056**	0.08 (0.0071 to 0.61)	13 (43%)	0.0002**	0.05 (0.004 to 0.3088)
TT	5 (17%)	22 (74%)	0.000**	13.8 (3.990 to 45.98)	17 (57%)	0.0013**	0.153 (0.050 to 0.48)	17 (57%)	0.001**	0.153 (0.050 to 0.487)
G Allele	0.8 (49)	0.15 (9)	0.000**	25.24 (9.70 to 66.69)	0.28 (17)	0.000**		0.2 (13)	0.000**	16.1 (6.343 to 37.14)
T Allele	0.2 (11)	0.85 (51)	0.000**	25.24 (9.70 to 66.69)	0.72 (43)	0.000**		0.8 (47)	0.000**	16.1 (6.343 to 37.14)
HWE X^2	0.00	0.1726			2.183			3.0
p value	0.999 ^NS	0.917 ^NS			0.245 ^NS			0.228 ^NS

Notes: *significant p ≤ 0.05, **significant p ≤ 0.01.

Abbreviations: n, number; OR, Odds ratio; 95% Cl, 95% confidence interval; G, Guanine; T, Thiamin; HWE X², Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium chi-square; NS, Non-significant.

Table 3 Pycard C/T (rs8056505) Genotype Distribution, Allele Frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Between Control Group and Periodontitis, Atherosclerotic with Health Periodontium and Atherosclerotic with Periodontitis Patients’ Groups

Genotype	Control n=30	Perio n=30	P value	O.R (95% Cl)	AS n=30	P value	O.R (95% Cl)	AS-P n=30	P value	O.R (95% Cl)
CC	24 (80%)	2 (7%)	0.00**	56.0 (11.19 to 260.6)	1 (3%)	0.000**	116.0 (14.65 to 122)	0 (0%)	0.000**	229.9 (12.335 to 4285.42)
CT	2 (7%)	12 (40%)	0.0023**	0.107 (0.022 to 0.470)	10 (33%)	0.0098**	0.1429 (0.02970 to 0.6584)	17 (57%)	0.000**	0.054 (0.0117 to 0.2757)
TT	4 (13%)	16 (53%)	0.001**	0.134 (0.043 to 0.470)	19 (64%)	0.00**	0.089 (0.02906 to 0.3163)	13 (43%)	0.0099**	0.2012 (0.06497 to 0.720)
C Allele	0.8 (50)	0.26 (16)	0.000*	13.75 (5.51 to 31.65)	0.2 (12)	0.000**	20.0 (7.49 to 47.73)	0.3 (17)	0.000**	12.65 (5.131 to 29.64)
T Allele	0.2 (10)	0.74 (44)	0.000**	13.75 (5.51 to 31.65)	0.8 (48)	0.000**	20.0 (7.49 to 47.73)	0.7 (43)	0.000**	12.65 (5.131 to 29.64)
HWE X^2	0.000	0.000			4.646			0.000
p value	0.999 ^NS	0.999 ^NS			0.098 ^NS			0.999 ^NS

Notes: *significant at p ≤ 0.05, **significant p ≤ 0.01.

Abbreviations: n, number; C, Cytosine; T, Thiamin; OR, Odds ratio; 95% Cl, 95% confidence interval; HWE X², Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium chi-square; NS, Non-significant.

Figure 4 Genotype Distribution of AIM2 G/T gene in the study groups.

Abbreviations: G, Guanine; T, Thiamin; C, the control group; P, generalized periodontitis group; AS-C, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease and clinically healthy periodontium group; AS-P, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease with generalized periodontitis group.

Figure 5 Genotype Distribution of Pycard C/T gene in the study groups.

Abbreviations: C, Cytosine; T, Thiamin; C, the control group; P, generalized periodontitis group; AS-C, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease and clinically healthy periodontium group; AS-P, atherosclerosis coronary heart disease with generalized periodontitis group.

Table 4 The Association Between Mean Values of Age, Gender, BMI, the Clinical Parameters, IL-18, GSDMD and SNPs of AIM2 G/T (rs2793845), Pycard C/T (r rs8056505) of Patients Groups

Groups		AIM2 gene			Pycard Gene
		Odd Ratio	95% CI	P-value	Odd Ratio	95% CI	P-value
Perio	Age	1.117	0.9088 to 1.460	0.3263	1.254	0.958 to 2.249	0.2461
	Gender	0.3476	0.0404 to 1.122	0.1637	0.3053	0.0325 to 1.200	0.1620
	BMI	2.697	1.095 to 8.236	0.0472	2.522	0.433 to 114.5	0.4502
	PLI	0.8664	0.2747 to 1.478	0.7685	0.8268	0.486 to 1.158	0.2984
	BOP	1.793	1.144 to 6.154	0.1478	0.9488	0.640 to 1.397	0.7610
	PPD	1.0426	1.024 to 1.067	0.001*	1.122	1.072 to 1.173	0.001*
	CAL	0.332	0.119 to 1.026	0477*	0.742	0.612 to 0.882	0.0013*
	IL-18	0.733	0.531 to 1.000	0.0532*	0.503	0.273 to 0.945	0.0346*
	GSDMD	0.5155	0.221 to 0.864	0.0395*	0.682	0.546 to 0.842	0.0011*
As-C	Age	0.934	0.7683 to 1.120	0.4519	1.060	0.915 to 1.249	0.4486
	Gender	0.572	0.1962 to 1.336	0.2244	0.7898	0.239 to 2.225	0.6562
	BMI	1.753	0.490 to 11,077	0.8147	1.227	0.919 to 1.736	0.1731
	PLI	1.148	0.8913 to 1.617	0.3349	1.311	0.822 to 2.195	0.2569
	BOP	1.759	0.823 to 5.806	0.2300	1.170	0.730 to 1.977	0.5191
	IL-18	1.173	1.726 to 15.523	0.028*	2.164	1.124 to 4.316	0.0241*
	GSDMD	0.8483	0.7117 to 0.9606	0.0256*	0.741	0.617 to 0.884	0.0013*
AS-P	Age	1.208	1.040 to 1.477	0.0303	1.034	0.860 to 1.249	0.7064
	Gender	0.997	0.9670 to 1.040	0.8534	0.4189	0.0493 to 2.77	0.3779
	BMI	1.020	0.4021 to 2.629	0.9660	1.869	0.503 to 8.318	0.3584
	PLI	1.033	0.9088 to 1.178	0.6179	1.364	1.139 to 1.801	0.0049
	BOP	1.097	0.9682 to 1.278	0.1781	1.081	0.873 to 1.461	0.5184
	PPD	1.224	0.642 to 2.346	0.046*	1.467	0.762 to 2.801	0.026*
	CAL	0.828	0.506 to 1.357	0.026*	0.726	0.472 to 1.113	0.027*
	IL-18	1.273	1.036 to 2.253	0.013*	2.384	1.847 to 3.273	0.032*
	GSDMD	1.0321	1.016 to 1.043	0.0012*	1.053	1.036 to 1.077	0.0019*

Note: *Significant at (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: OR, Odds ratio; 95% Cl, 95% confidence interval; C, the control group; P, generalized periodontitis group; AS-C, CHD and clinically healthy periodontium group; AS-P, CHD with generalized periodontitis group; BMI, body mass index; PLI, Plaque index; BOP, Bleeding on Probing; PPD, Probing Pocket Depth; CAL, Clinical attachment loss.