Effect of Dietary Simulating Solvents on the CAD-CAM Provisional Restorative Materials’ Microhardness and Color Stability Properties: An in vitro Study

Figures & data

Table 1 List of the Materials Used in the Study

Material	Composition	Manufacturer	Method of Fabrication	Sample Size (n)
NextDent C&B MFH	Methacrylic oligomers Phosphine oxides	NextDent, Centurionbaan, The Netherlands	3D printing by NextDent 5100	50
FormLabs Temporary CB Resin	Biocompatible Photopolymer Resin	Somerville, Massachusetts-based company, United States.	3D printing by Form 2	50
TelioCAD	Blocks consist of 99.5% Highly cross-linked PMMA and 0.5% pigment	Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein.	Trimmed from a CAD-CAM block	50
UNIFAST III self-cure acrylic resin	Methyl methacrylate	GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan	Cold-cured fabricated using a mold	50

Table 2 List of the Dietary Solvents Used in the Study

Dietary Solvent	Composition	Manufacturer
Artificial saliva	Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, and deionized distilled water	Analytical grade, freshly prepared
Citric acid	CITRIC ACID PURE (MONOHYDRATE) 99.5% 500GM/BTL (C6H8O7.H2O, 2-HYDROXY-1,2,3-PROPANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID MONOHYDRATE)	2860 Loba Chemie, India
Heptane	N-HEPTANE 99% EXTRA PURE 1LIT/BTL (C7H16, N-DIPROPYLMETHANE, N-HEPTYLHDRIDE, 1-METHYL HEXANE)	Scharlab, Barcelona, Spain, He01251000
Coffee	100% Pure Coffee	Nestlé, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
Tea	Black Tea	Lipton, United Arab Emirates by Unilever Gulf FZE, P.O Box 17055, Dubai.

Figure 1 Summary of the specimen preparation and study protocol.

Table 3 Mean, Standard Deviations, and Significance Level of Hardness Values Among Tested Material of the Polished Surface

Materials	Solvent	Time		P-value
		T0	T1
Conventional	Saliva	41.5(5.5)	40.38(3.9)	0.445
	Citric Acid	39.3(5.2)^a	41.3(4.0)	0.386
	Heptane	48.5(14.0)	42.8(3.7)	0.445
	Coffee	44.1(3.9)	42.4(2.6)	0.114
	Tea	50.36(10.7)^a	42.8(2.2)	0.028*
P-value		0.040*	0.36
TelioCAD	Saliva	79.3(13.2)	53.4(4.8)^a	0.005*
	Citric Acid	80.9(17.7)	48.7(3.6)^b,c,d	0.005*
	Heptane	67.2(5.7)	66.3(5.6)^a,b,e,f	0.575
	Coffee	81.4(28.3)	54.4(4.6)^c,e	0.005*
	Tea	84.3(35.6)	56.3(1.8)^d,f	0.005*
P-value		0.224	0.0001*
NextDent	Saliva	59.5(17.7)	58.4(16.9)^a	0.009*
	Citric Acid	65.7(13.7)	39.5(5.9)^b,c	0.005*
	Heptane	64.9(32.6)	57.04(12.5)^a,b,d	0.575
	Coffee	54.8(9.6)	47.8(6.7)^c	0.009*
	Tea	49.2(10.4)	42.5(8.1)^d	0.005*
P-value		0.109	0.001*
FormLabs	Saliva	60.4(17.7)	58.4(16.9)^a	0.262
	Citric Acid	61.9(16.8)	61.2(15.8)	0.575
	Heptane	65.8(13.1)	73.4(15.4)^a,b,c	0.008*
	Coffee	57.9(18.7)	55.9(14.7)^b	0.333
	Tea	55.3(16.6)	57.8(14.7)^c	0.386
P-value		0.558	0.042*

Notes: *Statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. The same small alphabets in each column showed a significant difference between the pairs.

Table 4 Mean, Standard Deviations, and Significance Level of Hardness Values Among Tested Material of Unpolished Surface

Materials	Solvent	Time		P-value
		T0	T1
Conventional	Saliva	44.4(4.8)^a	42.1(4.9)^a	0.241
	Citric Acid	43.6(5.9)^b	37.7(4.1)^b	0.013*
	Heptane	45.4(7.3)^c	44.2(6.2)	0.878
	Coffee	47.3(4.1)^d	44.2(4.9)	0.059
	Tea	54.63(5.9)^a,b,c,d	49.1(5.7)^a,b	0.005*
P-value		0.008*	0.003*
TelioCAD	Saliva	76.1(11.2)	53.1(6.5)^a,b	0.005*
	Citric Acid	77.9(17.4)	48.6(3.9)^c,d	0.005*
	Heptane	66.8(6.8)	69.3(3.9)^a,c,e,f	0.445
	Coffee	70.7(18.2)	61.1(7.5)^b,d,e	0.022*
	Tea	70.64(17.0)	54.9(2.3)^f	0.005*
P-value		0.180	0.0001*
NextDent	Saliva	16.9(18.0)	52.8(14.8)	0.022*
	Citric Acid	48.0(24.9)	28.7(11.7)	0.007*
	Heptane	29.8(15.4)	43.6(16.2)	0.005*
	Coffee	43.0(17.4)	38.1(12.7)	0.028*
	Tea	45.3(8.9)	44.5(7.3)	0.878
P-value		0.055	0.086
FormLabs	Saliva	57.2(18.0)	52.8(14.9)^a	0.508
	Citric Acid	45.1(30.7)	28.7(14.8)^a,b,c	0.013*
	Heptane	48.2(24.5)	65.9(8.9)^b,d	0.009*
	Coffee	48.4(19.9)	43.8(17.6)	0.009*
	Tea	48.5(23.9)	50.7(24.4)^c,d	0.878
P-value		0.674	0.0001*

Notes: *Statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. The same small alphabets in each column showed a significant difference between the pairs.

Table 5 Generalized Linear Model Results for TelioCAD

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F-value	P-value
Intercept	873,379.361	1	873,379.361	4464.878	0.0001*
Solvent-conventional	286.538	4	71.634	0.366	0.832
Surface	274.014	1	274.014	1.401	0.238
Time	17,847.272	1	17,847.272	91.239	0.000*
Solvent-conventional*surface	405.812	4	101.453	0.519	0.722
Solvent-conventional*time	5683.931	4	1420.983	7.264	0.0001*
Surface*time	742.280	1	742.280	3.795	0.053
Solvent-conventional*surface*time	453.978	4	113.495	0.580	0.677
Error	35,209.983	180	195.611
Total	934,283.170	200

Note: *Statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance.

Table 6 Generalized Linear Model Results for NextDent

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F-value	P-value
Intercept	434,843.402	1	434,843.402	1955.835	0.0001*
Solvent-conventional	360.291	4	90.073	0.405	0.805
Surface	5891.551	1	5891.551	26.499	0.0001*
Time	3922.322	1	3922.322	17.642	0.0001*
Solvent-conventional*surface	3361.670	4	840.418	3.780	0.006*
Solvent-conventional*time	4021.290	4	1005.323	4.522	0.002*
Surface*time	1090.912	1	1090.912	4.907	0.028*
Solvent-conventional*surface*time	553.661	4	138.415	0.623	0.647
Error	40,019.649	180	222.331
Total	494,064.750	200

Note: *Statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance.

Table 7 Mean, Standard Deviations, and Significance Level of Color Change (ΔE) Values Among Tested Material of Polished and Unpolished Surfaces

Materials	Solvent	Polished Surfaces			Unpolished Surfaces
		Mean (SD)	NBS	P-value	Mean (SD)	NBS	P-value
Conventional	Saliva	4.07(0.4)^a	3.748	0.001	3.89(0.5)^a	3.582	0.001*
	Citric Acid	4.09(0.3)^b	3.766		5.16(1.3)	4.748
	Heptane	3.57(2.3)^c	3.287		3.85(1.6)^b	3.225
	Coffee	4.52(0.9)	4.157		5.12(0.6)	4.708
	Tea	5.04(0.3)^a,b,c	4.635		5.4(1.3)^a,b	4.966
TelioCAD	Saliva	1.01(1.3)	0.719	0.0001	0.45(0.4)^a,b	0.411	0.0001*
	Citric Acid	0.43(0.2)^a,b	0.391		0.43(0.2)^c,d	0.400
	Heptane	0.62(0.3)^c,d	0.572		0.71(0.3)^e	0.658
	Coffee	1.26(0.6)^a,c	1.161		1.2(0.5)^a,c	1.114
	Tea	1.09(0.5)^b,d	1.005		1.5(0.8)^b,d,e	1.412
NextDent	Saliva	0.30(0.2)^a,b	0.280	0.0001*	0.64(0.2)^a,b	0.588	0.0001*
	Citric Acid	0.56(0.2)^c,d	0.538		1.09(0.6)^c,d	1.008
	Heptane	0.54(0.2)^e,f	0.499		0.93(0.6)^e,f	0.857
	Coffee	3.37(1.5)^a,c,e	3.102		15.6(2.9)^a,c,e,g	14.400
	Tea	3.22(1.5)^b,d,f	2.959		8.44(3.0)^b,d,f,g	7.773
FormLabs	Saliva	0.31(0.2)^a,b	0.290	0.0001*	1.6(1.0)^a,b,c	1.474	0.0001*
	Citric Acid	1.78(0.9)^c	1.643		2.69(0.9)^d,e,f	2.479
	Heptane	2.14(0.9)^d	1.974		11.1(3.3)^a,d,g	10.221
	Coffee	5.49(3.5)^a,c,d,e	5.057		19.03(5.6)^b,e,g,h	15.913
	Tea	2.89(0.6)^b,e	2.660		11.78(3.8)^c,f,h	10.839

Notes: *Statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. The same small alphabets in each column showed a significant difference between the pairs.