Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis may be diagnosed by exhaled-breath profiles: a multicenter pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

	Chronic pancreatitis	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	Controls
Male, n (%)	36 (63%)^^	15 (60%)	29 (40%)
Age, mean ± SD, years	54±10	67±9^&	57±15^+
BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m^2	23.1±3.4^^	25.2±3.4^&	25.9±4.6
Current smoking^a, n (%)	39 (68%)^^	7 (28%)^&	10 (14%)
Regular alcohol intake^b, n (%)	6 (11%)	4 (16%)	5 (7%)
Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)	17 (30%)^^	7 (28%)	2 (3%)^+
History of pulmonary disease^c, n (%)	8 (14%)	4 (16%)	7 (10%)
History of malignancy, n (%)	4 (7%)	7 (28%)^&	5 (7%)^+
Hyperbilirubinemia^d, n (%)	0 (0%)	9 (36%)^&	0 (0%)^+
Tumor localization
Head		23 (79%)
Body		5 (17%)
Tail		1 (3%)
Tumor stage
Locally resectable		17 (59%)
Locally irresectable		6 (21%)
Metastatic		6 (21%)

Notes: ^a>5 cigarettes or equivalents per day. ^b>2 units of alcohol per day. ^cChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, usage of inhalers. ^dTotal serum bilirubin 30 µmol/L. ^{^}p-value <0.05 for difference between chronic pancreatitis versus controls. ⁺p-value <0.05 for difference between pancreatic adenocarcinoma versus controls. ^&p-value <0.05 for difference between chronic pancreatitis versus pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Figure 1 (A) ROC curve in chronic pancreatitis versus healthy controls; (B) ROC curve in pancreatic adenocarcinoma versus controls; and (C) ROC curve in chronic pancreatitis versus pancreatic adenocarcinoma.