Social and economic burden of patients with influenza-like illness and clinically diagnosed flu treated at various health facilities in Vietnam

Figures & data

Figure 1 Map of provinces surveyed for data collection in Southern Vietnam.

Table 1 Demographics of the surveyed subjects

Characteristic	Pharmacy		Clinics		Hospital		Total
	n=456	%	n=151	%	n=51	%	n=658
Age (years)
Mean ± SD	33.8±17.4		6.1±4.3		12.4±13.6		25.8±19.4
0–14	62	13.5	139	92.1	38	74.5	239
15–24	95	20.7	12	7.9	6	11.8	113
25–64	283	61.8	–	–	6	11.8	289
>64	16	3.5	–	–	1	2.0	17
Gender
Male	187	41.0	60	39.7	28	54.9	275
Female	269	59.0	91	60.3	23	45.1	383
Area of residence
Urban	172	37.7	51	33.8	35	68.6	258
Rural	284	62.3	100	66.2	16	31.4	400
Education
Illiterate	29	6.4	102	67.5	27	52.9	158
Primary school	40	8.8	34	22.5	9	17.6	83
Secondary school	63	13.8	4	2.6	6	11.8	73
High school	126	27.6	7	4.6	4	7.8	137
College	93	20.4	2	1.3	1	2.0	96
Bachelor degree and above	105	23.0	2	1.3	4	7.8	111
Occupation
Student	105	23.0	58	38.4	15	29.4	178
Agriculturist	20	4.4	–	–	–	–	20
Labor/employee	96	21.1	1	0.7	1	2.0	98
Public employee/state enterprise	44	9.6	3	2.0	1	2.0	48
Private employee	96	21.1	1	0.7	–	–	97
Housewife	24	5.3	–	–	1	2.0	25
Unemployed	3	0.7	–	–	1	2.0	4
Kindergarten student	31	6.8	84	55.6	32	62.7	147
Other	37	8.1	4	2.6	–	–	41
Income per month (US$)
Mean ± SD	225.8±199.8		168.6±94.9		167.8±124.4		208.2±177.8
<250	275	60.3	135	89.4	37	72.5	447
250 to <400	125	27.4	8	5.3	8	15.7	141
400 to <550	43	9.4	6	4.0	5	9.8	54
550 to <700	1	0.2	1	0.7	1	2.0	3
≥700	12	2.6	1	0.7	–	–	13
Satisfied with their quality of life and income
<250	231	50.7	130	86.1	34	66.7	395
250 to <400	117	25.7	7	4.6	7	13.7	131
400to–<550	39	8.6	6	4.0	5	9.8	50
550 to <700	1	0.2	1	0.7	1	2.0	3
≥700	10	2.2	1	0.7	–	–	11
Self-medication
Yes	138	30.3	72	47.7	29	56.9	239
No	318	69.7	79	52.3	22	43.1	419
Vaccination
Yes	14	3.1	36	23.8	7	13.7	57
No	442	96.9	115	76.2	44	86.3	601
History of influenza
Yes	285	62.5	69	45.7	21	41.2	375
No	171	37.5	82	54.3	30	58.8	283
Had for weeks	3.6		3.1		3.2		3.4
Appearance of first symptoms (days)	2.7		3.7		3.5		3.0
Average number of family members	4.2		4.1		4.1		4.2

Table 2 Cost of illness of ILI in 2016 (US$)

Cost components	Pharmacies					Clinics					Hospital
	Cost	%COI	Mean	Median	Range	Cost	%COI	Mean	Median	Range	Cost	%COI	Mean	Median	Range
Direct medical cost	2,625.62	9.9	5.78	2.85	0.27–212.40	3,015.86	12.6	19.97	10.71	6.38–416.11	1,277.44	17.0	25.05	18.75	10.81–81.70
Direct non-medical cost	10,446.98	39.5	22.91	10.44	0.91–446.01	17,043.31	71.1	112.87	77.74	77.74–1402.32	4,829.44	64.2	94.69	63.63	9.52–472.67
Total direct cost	13,072.60	49.4	28.67	15.81	1.34–484.84	20,059.17	83.6	132.84	88.24	88.24–1,612.88	6,106.88	81.2	119.74	83.89	24.73–511.57
Total indirect cost	13,373.78	50.6	29.33	18.27	0.76–532.91	3,926.03	16.4	26.00	18.27	18.27–164.44	1,417.09	18.8	27.79	18.27	1.52–197.94
Total cost	26,446.38	100.0	58.00	41.82	2.41–558.84	23,985.20	100.0	158.84	108.42	108.42–1,640.28	7,523.97	100.0	147.53	93.39	26.25–557.25

Abbreviations: ILI, influenza-like illness; COI, cost of illness.

Table 3 Cost of illness of different age groups (US$) (n=456)

Age, years n=456	Pharmacies					Clinics					Hospital
	%	COI			n=151	%	COI			n=51	%	Cost of illness
		Mean	Median	Range			Mean	Median	Range			Mean	Median	Range
Mean ± SD	33.82±17.44					6.10±4.35					12.41±13.63
0–14	62	13.6	77.44	52.68	3.24–336.23	139	92.1	160.36	108.68	29.82–1640.28	38	74.5	160.47	114.75	26.25–557.25
15–24	95	20.8	45.33	29.11	4.22–310.51	12	7.9	141.22	97.71	47.92–354.32	6	11.8	89.08	74.40	35.06–173.32
25–64	283	62.1	58.81	42.17	2.41–558.84	–	–	–	–	–	6	11.8	136.62	70.69	39.24–288.50
>64	16	3.5	43.46	40.16	11.43–104.77	–	–	–	–	–	1	2.0	72.06	–	–