Perceived Quality of Healthcare and Availability of Supplies Determine Household-Level Willingness to Join a Community-Based Health Insurance Scheme in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Results WTJ CBHI in Northwest Ethiopia, 2017

Predictor Variables		WTJ CBHI			P-value
		Yes, N (%)	No, N (%)	Total, N (%)
		713 (60.5)	466 (39.5)	1,179 (100)
Sex	Male	497 (60.8)	320 (39.2)	817 (69.3)	0.70
	Female	216 (59.7)	146 (40.3)	362 (30.7)
Age		Mean=41.4 years SD= 13.6 years	Mean=45.7 years SD=14.9 years	Mean=44.5 years SD=13.8 years	0.00
Residence	Rural	648 (90.9)	414 (88.8)	1,062 (90.1)
	Urban	65 (9.1)	52 (11.2)	117 (9.9)	0.25
Education	Illiterate/no	389 (54.6)	267 (57.4)	656 (55.6)
	Read & write	189 (26.5)	97 (20.8)	286 (24.3)
	Elementary (1–4)	71 (10.0)	49 (10.5)	120 (10.2)	0.12
	Elementary (5–8)	38 (5.3)	26 (5.6)	64 (5.4)
	Secondary School	26 (3.7)	27 (5.8)	53 (4.5)
Marital Status	Single	30 (4.2)	22 (4.7)	52 (4.4)
	Married	580 (81.4)	355 (76.2)	935 (79.3)	0.13
	Divorced	64 (9.0)	50 (10.7)	114 (9.7)
	Widowed	39 (5.5)	39 (8.4)	78 (6.6)
Occupation	Farmer	620 (87.0)	391 (83.9)	1,011 (85.8)
	Merchant	34 (4.8)	11 (2.4)	45 (3.8)	0.00
	Day laborer	17 (2.4)	24 (5.2)	41 (3.5)
	Petty trader	42 (5.9)	40 (8.6)	82 (7.0)
Self-rated Health	Poor	28 (3.9)	41 (8.8)	69 (5.9)
	Medium	203 (28.5)	117 (25.1)	320 (27.1)	0.00
	Good	482 (67.6)	308 (66.1)	790 (67.0)
Perceived quality Hs	Poor	115 (16.1)	112 (24.0)	227 (19.3)
	Medium	196 (27.5)	148 (31.8)	344 (29.2)	0.00
	Good	402 (56.4)	206 (44.2)	608 (51.6)
Household size		Mean=4.5 SD=1.92	Mean=4.5 SD 1.96	Mean=4.5 SD=2.0	0.68
Chronic disease	No	596 (83.6)	386 (82.8)	982 (83.3)
	Yes	117 (16.4)	80 (17.2)	197 (16.7)	0.73
Wealth Index	Poorest	145 (20.4)	128 (27.6)	273 (23.2)
	Poorer	166 (23.4)	78 (16.8)	244 (20.8)
	Middle	145 (20.4)	97 (20.9)	242 (20.6)	0.01
	Richer	133 (18.7)	82 (17.8)	215(18.3)
	Richest	122 (17.2)	79 (17.0)	201 17.1)
Pregnant	No	641 (90.2)	440 (94.6)	1,081 (91.9)
	Yes	70 (9.9)	25 (5.4)	95 (8.1)	0.00
Under-five	No	429 (60.2)	324 (69.5)	753 (63.9)
	Yes	284 (39.8)	142 (30.5)	426 (36.3)	0.00
Enrolled in solidarity group	No	90 (12.6)	55 (11.8)	145 (12.3)
	Yes	623 (87.4)	411 (88.2)	1,034 (87.7)	0.67
Local credit membership	No	356 (49.9)	275 (59.0)	631 (53.5)
	Yes	357 (50.1)	191 (41.0)	548 (46.5)	0.00
Religious group membership	No	124 (17.4)	85 (18.2)	209 (17.7)
	Yes	589 (82.6)	381 (81.8)	970 (82.3)	0.70
Saving account	No	382 (53.6)	267 (57.3)	649 (55.1)
	Yes	331 (46.4)	199 (42.7)	530 (45.0)	0.20
Official position holder	No	562 (78.8)	401 (86.0)	963 (81.7)
	Yes	151 (21.2)	65 (13.9)	216 (18.3)	0.00
Availability of ORS	No	149 (20.9)	60 (12.9)	209 (17.7)
	Yes	564 (79.1)	406 (87.1)	970 (82.3)	0.00
Analyzer hematology	No	488 (68.4)	376 (80.7)	864 (73.3)
	Yes	225 (31.6)	90 (19.3)	315 (26.7)	0.00
Blood glucose test	No	157 (22.0)	122 (26.2)	279 (23.7)
	Yes	556 (78.0)	344 (73.8)	900 (76.3)	0.05

Abbreviation: ORS, oral rehydration salt.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Results: Probability of WTJ CBHI in Northwest Ethiopia

Independent Variables		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Sex	Male	1	1
	Female	0.95 (0.74–1.23)	1.02 (0.72–1.43)	0.92
Age	18–30	1	1
	31–40	0.88 (0.626–1.23)	0.79 (0.53–1.16)	0.23
	41–50	0.65 (0.459–0.92)	0.52 (0.34–0.81)	0.00
	50+	0.515 (0.373–0.71)	0.48 (0.31–0.76)	0.00
Residence	Rural	1	1
	Urban	0.79 (0.543–1.17)	0.92 (0.47–1.79)	0.82
Education	Illiterate/no	1	1
	Read & write	1.34 (1.00–1.78)	1.23 (0.89–1.71)	0.21
	Elementary (1–4)	0.99 (0.67–1.48)	0.80 (0.51–1.25)	0.33
	Elementary (5–8)	1.00 (0.59–1.69)	0.73 (0.23–0.85)	0.31
	Secondary School	0.66 (0.37–1.16)	0.43 (0.23–0.85)	0.01
Marital Status	Single	1	1
	Married	1.19 (0.68–2.11)	1.10 (0.61–1.98)	0.76
	Divorce	0.94 (0.48–1.82)	0.89 (0.44–1.80)	0.75
	Widowed	0.73 (0.36–1.49)	0.83(0.39–1.76)	0.63
Occupation	Farmer	1	1
	Merchant	1.95 (0.98–3.89)	2.26 (1.12–5.07)	0.04
	Day laborer	0.45 (0.24–0.84)	0.42 (0.20–0.91)	0.02
	Petty trader	0.66 (0.42–1.04)	0.81(0.41–1.62)	0.56
Perceived Quality Hs	Poor	1	1
	Medium	1.29 (0.92–1.81)	1.44 (1.22–2.08)	0.05
	Good	1.90 (1.39–2.59)	2.21(1.53 −3.21)	0.00
HHZ	>5	1	1
	<5	0.95 (0.74–1.22)	0.96 (0.72–1.29)	0.79
Chronic disease	No	1	1
	yes	0.95 (0.69–1.29)	1.19 (0.84–1.71)	0.31
Wealth Index	Poorest	1	1
	Poorer	1.89 (1.31–2.69)	1.96 (1.25–3.05)	0.00
	Middle	1.32 (0.93–1.87)	1.33 (0.86–2.05)	0.19
	Richer	1.43 (0.99–2.06)	1.72 (1.08–2.73)	0.02
	Richest	1.36 (0.94–1.97)	1.27 (0.78–2.07)	0.33
Pregnant	No	1	1
	Yes	1.92 (1.19–3.08)	1.70 (1.25 −2.95)	0.05
Under-five	No	1	1
	Yes	1.15 (1.17–1.94)	1.06 (0.78–1.44)	0.69
Elderly	No	1	1
	Yes	0.59 (0.39–0.87)	0.78 (0.48 −1.24)	0.29
Local credit membership	No	Ref	1
	Yes	1.44 (1.14–1.83)	1.43 (1.13–1.98)	0.03
Religious group membership	No	1	1
	Yes	1.05 (0.78–1.44)	1.12 (0.74 −1.68)	0.60
Saving account	No	1	1
	Yes	1.16 (0.92–1.47)	0.84 (0.62 −1.14)	0.26
Official position holder	No	1	1
	Yes	1.66 (1.21–2.28)	1.56 (1.08–2.25)	0.02
Availability of ORS	No	1	1
	Yes	0.56 (0.40–0.77)	1.67 (1.51–3.03)	0.05
Analyzer hematology	No	1	1
	Yes	1.93 (1.46–2.55)	2.02 (1.23 −3.31)	0.01
Blood glucose test availability	No	1	1
	Yes	1.26 (0.96–1.65)	1.38 (1.11–1.99)	0.04
_cons			0.36 (0.12–0.67)	0.05
Number of observations			1172
Wald chi^2			108.56
Prob>chi^2			0.00

Notes: Outcome variable is households willingness to join (WTJ) CBHI in 2017, explanatory variables are at household and health facility level.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals; COR, crude odds ratio; HHZ, household size.