The effect of nocturia on sleep quality and daytime function in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic data and clinical characteristics

Characteristics	Mean	Range	Units
Age	61.4±13.7	17–87	Years
Sex, n (%)
Male	530 (72.8%)
Female	198 (27.2%)
Height	163.2±7.8	150–176	cm
Weight	64.8±14.6	42–102	kg
Body mass index	24.2±4.2	17–34	kg/m^2
Nocturia number	3.03±1.3	1–5	Number per night
IPSS scores
Voiding score	9.11±5.59	0–20
Storage score	8.46±3.79	0–15
Total score	17.56±8.62	0–35
Voiding-related QoL score	3.62±1.19	0–6
PSQI scores
C1 (subjective sleep quality)	1.36±0.68	0–3
C2 (sleep latency)	1.36±1.03	0–3
C3 (sleep duration)	1.76±0.89	0–3
C4 (habitual sleep efficiency)	1.33±1.16	0–3
C5 (sleep disturbance)	1.55±0.57	1–3
C6 (use of sleeping medication)	0.50±1.04	0–3
C7 (daytime dysfunction)	0.48±0.65	0–3
Total score	8.35±3.66	1–18
ESS score	8.22+5.07	0–24

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation unless stated otherwise.

Abbreviations: ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QoL, quality of life.

Table 2 Multivariate analysis for the association of parameters with daytime dysfunction and sleep quality using GLM

Dependent variables	Parameters	Estimate	Partial correlation	Significance	95% confidence interval of the estimate
ESS score	Age	0.015	0.041	0.296	−0.013 to 0.044
	Sex	0.461	0.040	0.307	−0.425 to 1.347
	Nocturia number	0.146	0.038	0.345	−0.157 to 0.449
	PSQI score	0.186	0.135	0.001*	0.077 to 0.295a
PSQI score	Age	0.019	0.072	0.049	0.000 to 0.039
	Sex	−2.311	−0.275	0.000*	−2.886 to −1.737a
	Nocturia number	0.636	0.230	0.000*	0.436 to 0.835a
	ESS score	0.085	0.117	0.001*	0.035 to 0.135a

Notes: For the parameter of sex, we define male as 1 and female as 0.

a 95% confidence interval does not cover zero.

* P-value >0.05.

Abbreviations: ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; GLM, generalized linear model; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 3 Comparison of parameters between subgroups dividing by sex and age

	Overall (n=728)	Sex			Age
		Male (n=530)	Female (n=198)	P-value	<65 years (n=442)	≥65 years (n=286)	P-value
Age (years)	61.4	61.9	60.1	0.091	52.3	75.0	0.000*
Nocturia number	3.03	3.08	2.91	0.130	2.76	3.46	0.000*
ESS score	8.22	8.27	8.12	0.720	8.01	8.57	0.143
PSQI score	8.35	7.80	9.80	0.001*	7.90	9.04	0.000*
IPSS score
IPSS voiding score	9.11	9.54	7.95	0.001*	8.20	10.50	0.000*
IPSS storage score	8.46	8.50	8.35	0.624	7.63	9.74	0.000*
IPSS total score	17.56	18.03	16.30	0.015*	15.83	20.24	0.000*
Voiding related quality of life	3.62	3.65	3.56	0.333	3.45	3.88	0.000*

Notes:

* P-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 4 The effect of nocturia number on sleep quality and daytime function in the overall and subgroups dividing by sex and age

	Overall (n=728)		Sex				Age
			Male (n=530)		Female (n=198)		<65 years (n=442)		≥65 years (n=286)
	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	P-value	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	P-value	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	P-value	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	P-value	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	P-value
ESS score	0.093	0.012*	0.105	0.016*	0.033	0.654	0.105	0.027*	0.053	0.372
PSQI score
C1 (subjective sleep quality)	0.177	0.000**	0.188	0.000**	0.198	0.007**	0.111	0.020*	0.269	0.000**
C2 (sleep latency)	0.103	0.005**	0.093	0.034*	0.225	0.002**	0.098	0.040*	0.070	0.235
C3 (sleep duration)	0.166	0.000**	0.193	0.000**	0.169	0.021*	0.151	0.001**	0.157	0.008*
C4 (habitual sleep efficiency)	0.187	0.000**	0.193	0.000**	0.276	0.000**	0.105	0.028*	0.234	0.000**
C5 (sleep disturbance)	0.201	0.000**	0.223	0.000**	0.145	0.049*	0.150	0.002**	0.235	0.000**
C6 (use of sleep aid)	0.152	0.000**	0.124	0.005**	0.213	0.004**	0.067	0.160	0.199	0.001**
C7 (daytime dysfunction)	0.062	0.094	0.026	0.557	0.178	0.015*	0.047	0.320	0.129	0.029*
Total score	0.247	0.000**	0.250	0.000**	0.338	0.000**	0.157	0.001**	0.299	0.000**

Notes:

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

Abbreviations: ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Figure 1 The mean ESS score (A) and PSQI score (B) referring to different nocturia numbers.

Abbreviations: ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.