Effect of pedometer use and goal setting on walking and functional status in overweight adults with multimorbidity: a crossover clinical trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Overall (N=130)	Pedometer groupa		P-value
		Immediate (n=64)	Delayed (n=66)
Age, years	63.4 (15.0)	62.2 (17.3)	65.0 (12.2)	0.30
Women	94 (72%)	43 (67%)	51 (77%)	0.20
White, not Hispanic	127 (98%)	63 (98%)	64 (97%)	>0.99
Blood pressure, mmHg
Systolic	130.4 (14.2)	130.0 (15.5)	130.8 (12.9)	0.75
Diastolic	74.1 (10.3)	73.8 (10.4)	74.4 (10.3)	0.72
Pulse, beats per minute	70.0 (11.1)	70.2 (11.3)	69.8 (11.0)	0.84
PHQ-9	3.0 (2.6)	2.9 (2.5)	3.0 (2.8)	0.82
Short test of mental status	36.3 (1.7)	36.2 (1.7)	36.3 (1.6)	0.86

Note:

a Values are mean (standard deviation) or number of patients (%).

Abbreviation: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

Figure 1 CONSORT flow diagram.

Note: Eleven withdrew in the immediate use and six withdrew in delayed use because they withdrew from the study.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CONSORT, consolidated standards of reporting trials; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; STMS, short test of mental status.

Table 2 Step count and sedentary status

Characteristic	Pedometer groupa		P-value
	Immediate (n=63)	Delayed (n=62)
Steps
Baseline	5,158 (3,048)
1 month	4,842 (2,602)
2 months	5,337 (3,096)	4,446 (2,422)	0.08
3 months	5,364 (3,193)	4,354 (2,865)
4 months	5,274 (3,364)	4,658 (3,285)
Sedentary
Baseline	35 (56%)
1 month	34 (54%)
2 months	36 (57%)	38 (61%)	0.64
3 months	32 (51%)	42 (68%)
4 months	34 (54%)	37 (60%)

Notes: No pedometer data were available for one subject in the immediate intervention group and four subjects in the delayed group. Thus the effective sample-sizes are N=63 and N=62 respectively.

a Values are mean (standard deviation) steps or number of patients (%) who were sedentary (<5,000 steps per day).

Table 3 Measured meter time, calculated gait speed, and grip strength

Characteristic	Pedometer groupa		Treatment effect, estimate (95% CI)b	P-value
	Immediate (n=64)	Delayed (n=66)
Meter time, s
Baseline	4.31 (1.15)	4.72 (1.36)
1 month	4.15 (1.21)c	4.31 (1.20)c	0.16 (−0.07 to 0.39)	0.17
2 months	4.09 (1.32)c	4.17 (1.13)c	0.24 (−0.02 to 0.50)	0.08
3 months	4.11 (1.51)	4.19 (1.12)c
4 months	3.93 (1.39)c	4.12 (1.29)c
Gait speed, m/s
Baseline	0.93	0.85
1 month	0.96	0.93
2 months	0.98	0.96		0.64
3 months	0.97	0.95
4 months	1.02	0.97
Grip strength, kg
Baseline	25.73 (9.69)	23.83 (9.39)
1 month	26.04 (9.44)	23.55 (9.77)	0.66 (−0.28 to 1.60)	0.17
2 months	26.83 (9.66)c	23.97 (9.55)	1.06 (−0.10 to 2.23)	0.08
3 months	26.92 (10.05)c	23.91 (9.61)
4 months	27.33 (10.05)c	24.26 (9.53)

Notes:

a Values are mean (standard deviation) or mean.

b Treatment effect was estimated using analysis of covariance, with the baseline value of the given variable included as the covariate.

c P<0.05 compared with baseline. For the delayed group, meter time and grip strength at months 3 and 4 did not differ significantly from month 2.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.