A preliminary study on the effects of star fruit consumption on antioxidant and lipid status in elderly Thai individuals

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics, CBC, and LFT in 27 elderly subjects

Characteristics
Age (years)	69.5±5.3 (56–85)
Weight (kg)	50.2±7.1 (31.5–68.0)
Height (m)	1.5±0.9 (1.36–1.65)
	Reference range	Control period		After 4 weeks of consumption	P-value
		Week 0	Week 2
CBC
WBC	4.5–11.5 (10^3/µL)	6.2±1.1 (4.5–9.6)	6.3±1.4 (3.4–9.2)	6.3±1.7 (3.2–9.3)	0.52
RBC	3.8–5.3 (10^6/µL)	5.1±0.2 (3.4–4.4)	4.25±0.5 (3.4–5.7)	4.4±0.2 (4.0–5.7)	0.62
Hb	10–16 (g/dL)	12.1±1.2 (11.3–15.2)	12.4±1.6 (10.5–15.8)	12.2±0.7 (10.2–14.9)	0.71
Hct	36–50 (%)	40.2±1.1 (34.9–43.4)	39.1±3.2 (34.2–50.2)	38.7±2.1 (33.4–40.2)	0.54
PLT	140–440 (10^3/µL)	238.0±36.0 (146–380)	224.0±50.0 (187–411)	230.0±42.0 (140–329)	0.87
Liver function
AST	10–42 U/L	23.7±3.1 (17–32)	22.2±2.6 (18–31)	22.22±2.8 (18–30)	0.15
ALT	10–40 U/L	22.8±4.3 (17–32)	21.8±4.1 (16–31)	21.8±4.3 (15–32)	0.62
Kidney function
BUN	7–18 mg/dL	11.2±2.2 (8–16)	10.8±1.8 (9–15)	11.7±1.8 (8–15)	0.29
Creatinine	0.6–1.3 mg/dL	0.9±0.2 (0.6–1.2)	0.9±0.1 (0.6–1.2)	0.9±0.1 (0.7–1.3)	0.16

Notes: Values are presented as mean ± SD; range for each variable is indicated in parentheses. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical comparison.

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AST, aspartate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CBC, complete blood count; Hb, hemoglobin; Hct, hematocrit; LFT, liver function test; PLT, platelet; RBC, red blood cells; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cells.

Table 2 Oxidative stress, vitamins, and lipid profiles of all 27 volunteers

Variable	Control period		After 4 weeks of consumption	Effect size (d)
	Week 0	Week 2
Oxidative stress status
TAC (mmol Trolox/L)	0.91±0.2 (0.7–1.2)	0.9±0.1 (0.68–1.22)	1.4±0.3* (0.9–2.1)	2.28
GSH (mg/g Hb)	13.1±1.7 (10.5–13.3)	14.7±1.6 (9.6–15.7)	13.6±2.1 (10.4–16.0)	0.58
MDA (µmol/L)	3.3±0.6 (2.5–4.5)	3.5±0.7 (2.4–4.5)	2.8±0.6* (1.5–3.5)	1.07
PrOOH (µmol/L)	2.8±0.7 (2.0–4.5)	3.1±0.5 (2.5–4.0)	2.0±0.2* (1.25–3.5)	2.88
Plasma vitamins
Vit C (mg/dL)	70.2±8.8 (52.5–85.0)	68.2±7.1 (45.5–75.0)	82.6±4.1* (56.5–95.0)	2.48
Vit A (µg/mL)	0.3±0.1 (0.2–1.5)	0.3±0.2 (0.1–1.0)	0.4±0.1* (0.3–2.5)	0.68
Vit E (µg/mL)	1.2±0.3 (0.5–2.5)	1.3±0.2 (0.6–2.6)	1.3±0.4 (0.6–2.7)	0.63
Lipid profile
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	114.3±11.6 (66–179)	112.5±12.3 (56–169)	116.3±13.9 (64–173)	0.28
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	178.0±19.7 (138–315)	198.0±23.7 (142–320)	208.2±39.7 (141–293)	0.31
HDL-C (mg/dL)	53.6±6.5 (32–69)	56.4±9.3 (35–67)	69.1±11.3* (47–88)	1.22
LDL-C (mg/dL)	172.3±25.2 (72.5–262.1)	165.5±32.5 (68.2–256.6)	127.8±39.1* (54.6–221.5)	1.05

Notes: Values are presented as mean ± SD; range for each parameter is indicated in parentheses.

* P<0.05 compared to both week 0 and week 2 in the control period by Bonferroni test after significance was determined by a repeated measures ANOVA. Effect size (d) was analyzed with G*Power 3.1.9.2.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; GSH, glutathione; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MDA, malondialdehyde; PrOOH, protein hydroperoxide; SD, standard deviation; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; Vit, vitamin.

Figure 1 TAC (mmol Trolox/L) of all 27 elderly subjects during the control period (at week 0 and week 2) and after star fruit juice consumption for 4 weeks (at week 6).

Notes: Each bar represents the mean and standard deviation. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; TAC, total antioxidant capacity.

Figure 2 GSH (mg/g Hb) of all 27 elderly subjects during the control period (at week 0 and week 2) and after star fruit juice consumption for 4 weeks (at week 6).

Notes: Each bar represents the mean and standard deviation. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; GSH, glutathione; Hb, hemoglobin.

Figure 3 MDA (µmol/L) of all 27 elderly subjects during the control period (at week 0 and week 2) and after star fruit juice consumption for 4 weeks (at week 6).

Notes: Each bar represents the mean and standard deviation. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; MDA, malondialdehyde.

Figure 4 PrOOH (µmol/L) of all 27 elderly subjects during the control period (at week 0 and week 2) and after star fruit juice consumption for 4 weeks (at week 6).

Notes: Each bar represents the mean and standard deviation. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; PrOOH, protein hydroperoxide.

Figure 5 Vit C (mg/dL) of all 27 elderly subjects during the control period (at week 0 and week 2) and after star fruit juice consumption for 4 weeks (at week 6).

Notes: Each bar represents the mean and standard deviation. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; Vit, vitamin.

Figure 6 Vit A (µg/mL) of all 27 elderly subjects during the control period (at week 0 and week 2) and after star fruit juice consumption for 4 weeks (at week 6).

Notes: Each bar represents the mean and standard deviation. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; Vit, vitamin.

Figure 7 Vit E (µg/mL) levels of all 27 elderly subjects during the control period (at week 0 and week 2) and after star fruit juice consumption for 4 weeks (at week 6).

Notes: Each bar represents the mean and standard deviation. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; Vit, vitamin.

Table 3 Vitamin C and vitamin A in star fruit extracts (100 g) of each week

Variable	First week		Second week		Third week		Fourth week		P-value
	Monday (n=10)	Friday (n=10)	Monday (n=10)	Friday (n=10)	Monday (n=10)	Friday (n=10)	Monday (n=10)	Friday (n=10)
Vitamin C (mg)	17.1±0.5 (16.1–18.2)	16.2±0.28 (15.1–17.3)	16.9±0.6 (16.1–18.2)	17.0±0.2 (65.1–17.9)	17.1±0.6 (16.2–18.1)	16.2±0.7 (14.1–17.1)	17.5±0.5 (16.6–18.2)	16.9±0.4 (14.3–19.0)	0.78
Vitamin A (µg)	0.2±0.0 (0.2–0.3)	0.2±0.0 (0.2–0.3)	0.2±0.0 (0.2–0.3)	0.2±0.0 (0.1–0.2)	0.2±0.0 (0.1–0.2)	0.2±0.1 (0.1–0.2)	0.2±0.03 (0.1–0.2)	0.1±0.0 (0.1–0.2)	0.65

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD (min–max). Ten sampling extracts of star fruit at 100 g were randomly selected on Monday and Friday of each week. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to statistically compare between eight periods of 4 weeks during the experiment.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; max, maximum; min, minimum; SD, standard deviation.