Sex differences in stroke: a socioeconomic perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1 Socioeconomic mechanism underlying sex differences in stroke.

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the sample

Variable	Category	n	%	M	SD
Age				76.38	8.50
	Young-old (60–74 years)	65	40.9
	Old-old (75–84 years)	57	35.8
	Oldest-old (≥85 years)	37	23.3
Sex	Male	76	47.8
	Female	83	52.2
Marital status	Unmarried	43	27.0
	Married	116	73.0
Education	No formal education	123	77.4
	Formal education	36	22.6
Employment status	Unemployed	110	69.2
	Employed	49	30.8
Stratum	Urban	57	35.8
	Rural	102	64.2
Living arrangement	Spouse	79	49.7
	Family/children	52	32.7
	Living alone	28	17.6
Medical conditions	Hypertension	126	79.2
	Diabetes mellitus	42	26.4
	Depression	25	15.7
HAT				22.31	29.16
	Within 4 hours	66	41.5
	Within 24 hours	61	38.4
	After 24 hours	32	20.1
Mortality		8	5.0

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; HAT, hospital arrival time after the onset of stroke.

Table 2 Sociodemographic and health characteristics of the sample with respect to sex

Variable	Category	Male		Female		χ^2
		n	%	n	%
Age	Young-old (60–74 years)	26	34.2	39	47.0	3.64
	Old-old (75–84 years)	28	36.8	29	34.9
	Oldest-old (≥85 years)	22	28.9	15	18.1
Marital status	Unmarried	9	11.8	34	41.0	17.05***
	Married	67	88.2	49	59.0
Education	No formal education	49	64.5	74	89.2	13.8***
	Formal education	27	35.5	9	10.8
Employment status	Unemployed	43	56.6	67	80.7	10.85**
	Employed	33	43.4	16	19.3
Stratum	Urban	34	44.7	23	27.7	5.00*
	Rural	42	55.3	60	72.3
Living arrangement	With spouse	50	65.8	29	34.9	17.22***
	With family/children	20	26.3	32	38.6
	Living alone	6	7.9	22	26.5
Medical conditions	Hypertension	55	72.4	71	85.5	4.19*
	Diabetes mellitus	14	18.4	28	33.7	4.79*
	Depression	7	9.2	18	21.7	4.66*
HAT	Within 4 hours	32	42.1	34	41.0	7.22*
	Within 24 hours	35	46.1	26	31.3
	After 24 hours	9	11.8	23	27.7
Death	Yes	2	2.6	6	7.2	1.76
	No	74	97.4	77	92.8

Notes:

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviation: HAT, hospital arrival time after the onset of stroke.