Assessment of anxiety in older adults: a review of self-report measures

Figures & data

Table 1 Elder-specific self-report measures of anxiety

Name	Year	Items	Response type	Subscale#	Sample	Language	Reliability*	Test–retest	Validity	Factorial study
AMAS-E	2003	44	Dichotomous (yes/no)	Fear of aging (7 items) Physiological anxiety (7 items) Worry/oversensitivity (23 items) Lie scale (7 items)	n=636 (60+ years old), retirement communities and senior-citizen centers	English^Citation51 English^Citation61	Total score 0.71–0.90^Citation60 Subscales 0.52–0.88^Citation60	0.78–0.89^Citation60	Convergent STAI-T^Citation60  Worry/oversensitivity r=0.58, fear of aging r=0.47, physiological r=0.46, lie r=−0.01 STAI-S^Citation60  Worry/oversensitivity r=0.39, fear of aging r=0.26, physiological r=0.24, lie r=−0.06 Discriminant HADS^Citation60  Worry/oversensitivity r=0.62 and r=0.71, fear of aging r=0.42, physiological r=0.35, lie r=−0.07 to 0.21, fear-of-aging scale (r=0.21)^Citation61	Three-factor structure^Citation51,Citation60
GAI	2007	20	Dichotomous (agree/disagree)	One general factor	n=452 (60–90 years old), nonclinical older adults n=46 (66–88 years old), community geriatric psychiatry service	English^Citation17 Portuguese^Citation70 English^Citation69 Spanish^Citation71 Portuguese^Citation72 French^Citation73 Chinese^Citation74 Italian^Citation75	0.91–0.93^Citation17,Citation54,Citation55 0.92^Citation54,Citation69 0.96^Citation70 0.91^Citation71 0.91^Citation72 0.83^Citation73 0.93^Citation74 0.93^Citation75	0.91^Citation17	Convergent STAI-S (0.80), GAS (0.70), GADS (0.57), BAI (0.63)^Citation17 STAI (0.63), GHQ2 (0.76)^Citation70 STAI (0.61), BAI (0.68)^Citation72 STAI-S (0.64), STAI-T (0.55), HADS-Anx (0.62)^Citation54 PSWQ (0.70), PANAS NA (0.58), PANAS PA (-0.34)^Citation17 PSWQ-A (0.76), GAD7 (0.86), IUI (0.62), WSOA-R (0.53)^Citation73 Divergent NEO-FFI (0.57)^Citation54 GDS (0.70)^Citation31,Citation72	One-factor structure^Citation17,Citation73 Two-factor structure^Citation70 Three-factor structure^Citation74 Four-factor structure^Citation55
GAI-SF	2011	5	Dichotomous (agree/disagree)	One general factor	n=284 (60–87 years), women	English^Citation50	0.81^Citation69 0.71–0.58^Citation76	0.80^Citation50	Convergent STAI-S (0.48)^Citation69 PSWQ-A 0.93 for total sample, 0.64 for clinical sample, 0.56 for nonclinical sample; GAI 0.93 for total sample, 0.86 for clinical sample, 0.56 for nonclinical sample^Citation76 Discriminant GDS (0.37)^Citation76 GDS (0.37)^Citation69	One-factor solution^Citation17,Citation76
GAS	2010	30	Likert, 4-point: 0 (not at all) to 3 (all the time)	Somatic symptoms (9 items) Cognitive symptoms (8 items) Affective symptoms (8 items) Clinical area (5 items)	n=100 (17–49 years old), younger-adult group n=30 (60–82 years old), older-adult groups recruited by student family member n=101 (60–90 years old), older-adult community-dwelling sample	English^Citation52 Farsi^Citation89 German^Citation26 Chinese^Citation90 Arabic^Citation91 Italian^Citation92	Total score 0.88–0.93^Citation31,Citation52,Citation89–Citation92 Subscales 0.76–0.90 for cognitive, 0.75–0.81 for somatic, 0.80–0.85 for affective^Citation26,Citation52,Citation89,Citation91		Convergent STAI-T (0.78), STAI-S (0.74), BAI (0.82), AMAS-E (0.77)^Citation52 BSI (0.67)^Citation26 PSQI (0.65)^Citation90 BAI (0.73), GAI (0.60)^Citation92 Discriminant GDS15 (0.55), GDS (0.78)^Citation52,Citation89,Citation90 GDS15 (0.50)^Citation92 Conscientiousness (−0.17), PANAS PA (−0.26), general self-efficacy (−0.37)^Citation26	One-factor structure^Citation26,Citation89–Citation92
GAS10	2015	10	Likert, 4-point: 0 (not at all) to 3 (all the time)	Somatic symptoms (3 items) Cognitive symptoms (4 items) Affective symptoms (3 items)	n=407 (60–69 years old), community-dwelling adults n=136 (60–88 years old), community-dwelling adults n=38 (60–90 years old), community-dwelling adults n=581 (60–96 years old), community-dwelling adults	English^Citation57	Total score. 89^Citation57		Convergent GAS^Citation57  Total score r=0.96, cognitive r=0.92, affective r=0.89, somatic r=0.82
WS	1986	35	Likert, 5-point: 0 (never) to 4 (much of the time)	Financial area (5 items) Health area (17 items) Social area (13 items)	n=54 (mean 70 years old), community-dwelling elderly n=44 (mean 77 years old), homebound elderly	English^Citation95	0.76–0.93^Citation32 0.80–0.94^Citation13,Citation99,Citation104	Normal 0.73–0.93, Clinical 0.58–0.80^Citation32,Citation104,Citation105	Convergent STAI-S (0.41), STAI-T (0.57), PSWQ (0.54)^Citation46 STAI-T (0.40–0.55), PSWQ (0.54), GDA (0.41)^Citation32,Citation46,Citation98 Divergent PI (0.50), FQ (0.34)^Citation104 BDI (0.52), PI (0.46)^Citation32,Citation46,Citation98	Three-factor structure (Wisocki P, Handen B. The worry scale. Unpublished manuscript. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1983)^Citation95
WSOA-R WSR	1994	88 + 16	Likert, 5–point: 0 (never) to 4 (much of the time)	Financial area (10 items) Health (20 items) Social/interpersonal area (14 items) Personal concerns (18 items) Family concerns (15 items) World issues (11 items) Adjunctive: coping strategies (16 items)	n=152 (means 67 and 52–92 years old), nonclinical older adults^Citation100 n=84 (means 70.5 and 65–86 years old), nonclinical older adults^Citation99	English^Citation96–Citation100 French^Citation107	0.88–0.97^Citation99,Citation100		Convergent PSWQ (0.55)^Citation100

Notes:

* Measured as Cronbach’s α;

# data relating to the validation sample reported here (where possible).

Abbreviations: AMAS-E, Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale – elderly; GAI, Geriatric Anxiety Scale; GAI-SF, Geriatric Anxiety Scale – short form; GAS, Geriatric Anxiety Scale; GAS10, Geriatric Anxiety Scale-ten item short form; WS, Worry Scale; WSOA-R, Worry Scale Older Adults – revised; GAS10, Geriatric Anxiety Scale-ten item short form; WSR, WS – revised; STAI-T, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – trait; STAI-S, STAI – state; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-Anx, HADS -anxiety; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; PSWQ-A, Penn State Worry Questionnaire – abbreviated; IUI, Intolerance of Uncertainty Inventory; NEO-FFI, Neuroticism Extraversion Openness – Five-Factor Inventory; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GDS15, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; PSQI, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; PANAS PA, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – positive affect; PI, Padua Inventory; FQ, Fear Questionnaire; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory GADS, Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; GAD7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale; PANAS-NA, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – negative affect.

Table 2 Self-report measures of anxiety developed for younger adults and validated in older adults

Name	Year	Item	Response type	Subscale#	Sample	Language	Reliability*	Test–retest	Validity	Factorial study
STAI-Y (STAI-T, STAI-S)	1983	20 + 20	Likert (4-point): 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so) for state scale; 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always) for trait scale	State anxiety (20 items) Trait scale (20 items)	n=1,838 employees of the Federal Aviation Administration n=855 university students n=424 college students n=1,701 Air Force males	English^Citation110 Italian^Citation184 Swedish^Citation112	State scale 0.70–0.94^Citation32,Citation98,Citation103,Citation114,Citation119–Citation121 Trait scale 0.79–0.90^Citation32,Citation98,Citation103,Citation114,Citation119–Citation121	State scale 0.62^Citation44 0.51^Citation32 Trait scale 0.84^Citation44 0.58^Citation32	Convergent STAI-S  BAI somatic (0.46), BAI subjective (0.50), BAI total (0.52)^Citation122  WS (0.41), PI (0.48), FQ (0.38)^Citation98  PSWQ (0.36), WS (0.33)^Citation32 STAI-T  BAI somatic (0.36), BAI subjective (0.47), BAI total (0.44)^Citation122  WS (0.40), PI (0.44), WS (0.57), PI (0.57), FQ (0.43)^Citation98  PSWQ (0.45), WS (0.55), FQ-A (0.33), FQ-F (0.36)^Citation32  WS (0.55)^Citation44  PSWQ (0.59)^Citation47 Discriminant STAI-S  BDI (0.45)^Citation32  GDS (0.49)^Citation68  STAI-T  BDI (0.59)^Citation32  BDI (0.54)^Citation47  GDS (0.70)^Citation68	Two-factor structure^Citation122
BAI	1988	21	Likert (4-point): 0 (not at all) to 3 (I could barely stand it)	One general factor	n=1,086 (mean 36.35 years old), psychiatric outpatients	English^Citation185	0.81–0.95^Citation55,Citation90,Citation122,Citation134–Citation136	Normal 0.64–0.75, Clinical 0.75–0.83^Citation134,Citation140	Convergent HARS-R (0.51), CCL-A (0.51)^Citation140 STAI (0.36–0.63)^Citation47,Citation122 GAS (0.81–0.86)^Citation52 PSWQ (0.59)^Citation47 Discriminant CCL-D (0.22), HDRS-R (0.25), HS (0.15)^Citation140 BDI (0.48–0.61), GDS (0.55–0.80)^Citation47,Citation90,Citation134,Citation135	Two-factor structure^Citation140,Citation186 Four-factor structure^Citation131 Six-factor structure^Citation137
PSWQ	1990	16	Likert (5-point): 1 (not at all typical for me) to 5 (very typical for me)	Pathological worry (11 items) Absence of worry (5 items)	n=337 (ANA), college students n=405 (mean 48.8 years old), college students n=451 (mean 45.7 years old), college students n=73 (mean 53.7 years old), college students n=87 (mean 51.5 years old), college students	English^Citation143	0.88–0.80^Citation145 0.79–0.95^Citation32,Citation55,Citation121,Citation135,Citation142,Citation147 0.68–0.93^Citation32,Citation55,Citation121,Citation135,Citation142,Citation147	Clinical 0.54–0.92^Citation32,Citation55,Citation92,Citation121	Convergent STAI-T (0.43), STAI-S (0.40), WS (0.43), PI (0.32)^Citation140 GAI (0.79)^Citation55 BAI (0.30)^Citation135 Divergent BDI (0.15–0.41)^Citation32 BDI (0.45–0.59)^Citation47	One-factor structure^Citation143
PSWQ-A	2003	8	Likert (5-point): 1 (not at all typical for me) to 5 (very typical for me)	One general factor	n=392 (ANA), college students n=34 (male, mean 67.8 years old; female, mean 68.4 years old), patients with GAD n=160 (mean 66.6 years old), patients with GAD	English^Citation46 Spanish^Citation48	0.89–0.94^Citation47 0.87^Citation48	Normal 0.63–0.95^Citation47	Convergent BAI (0.39), STAI (0.42), WS (0.49)^Citation46 STAI (0.47), BAI (0.60)^Citation47 Discriminant BDI (0.56)^Citation47	One-factor structure^Citation47
STICSA	2008	21 + 21	Likert (4-point): 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much) for state scale; 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always) for trait scale	State – somatic anxiety (11 items) State – cognitive anxiety (10 items) Trait – somatic anxiety (11 items) Trait – cognitive anxiety (10 items)	n=576 (mean 34 years old, 16–82 years), nonclinical sample	English^Citation153 Italian^Citation151	Trait total score 0.88–0.95 Trait subscales 0.78–0.93 for somatic, 0.86–0.92 for cognitive State total score 0.92–0.95 State subscales 0.88–0.92 for somatic, 0.86–0.92 for cognitive^Citation109,Citation151,Citation155,Citation158	Trait – cognitive (0.66), Trait – somatic (0.60), State – cognitive (0.49), State – somatic (0.31)^Citation153	Convergent GDS (0.43–0.64)^Citation151 STAI-S (0.65 with total State score, 0.63–0.70 with State cognitive subscale, 0.48–0.53 with State somatic subscale, 0.58–0.61 with total Trait score, 0.54–0.65 with Trait cognitive subscale, 0.47 with Trait somatic subscale)^Citation109,Citation155 STAI-T (0.55–0.60 with total State score, 0.60–0.65 with State cognitive subscale, 0.40–0.42 with State somatic subscale, 0.60–0.66 with total Trait score, 0.64–0.70 with Trait cognitive subscale, 0.47–0.49 with Trait somatic subscale)^Citation109,Citation155 DASS anxiety (0.67 with total State score, 0.56 with State cognitive subscale, 0.65 with State somatic subscale, 0.68 with total Trait score, 0.51 with Trait cognitive subscale, 0.68 with Trait somatic subscale)^Citation109 Discriminant TDI (0.44–0.51)^Citation151 OAS2 (0.49 with total Trait score, 0.36 with Trait somatic subscale, 0.51 with Trait cognitive subscale)^Citation158 DASS depression (0.61 with total State score, 0.64 with State cognitive subscale, 0.45 with State somatic subscale, 0.58 with total Trait score, 0.59 with Trait cognitive subscale, 0.42 with Trait somatic subscale)^Citation109 BDI-II (0.64 with total Trait score, 0.65 with Trait cognitive subscale, 0.53 with Trait somatic subscale); CES-D (0.59 with total Trait score, 0.61 with Trait cognitive subscale, 0.47 with Trait somatic subscale)^Citation155	Two-factor structure within each scale^Citation153 Hierarchical model (global anxiety plus four specific factors)^Citation155

Notes:

* Measured as Cronbach’s α;

# data relating to the validation sample reported here (where possible).

Abbreviations: STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – Y form; STAI-T, STAI – Trait; STAI-S, STAI – State; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; PSWQ-A, Penn State Worry Questionnaire – abbreviated; ANA, age not available; STICSA, State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HARS-R, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale – revised; CCL-A, Cognition Checklist – Anxiety; CCL-D, CCL – Depression; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; HDRS-R, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale – revised; HS, Hopelessness Scale; PI, Padua Inventory; FQ-A, Fear Questionnaire-Avoidance; FQ-F, Fear Questionnaire-Fear; DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; TDI, Teate Depression Inventory; OAS2, Other as Shamer; GAS, Geriatric Anxiety Scale; WS, Worry Scale; CES-D,.

ReynoldsCRichmondBLowePThe Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale – Elderly Version (AMAS-E)Los AngelesWestern Psychological Services2003

 Google Scholar

RobertsMHFletcherRBMerrickPLEvaluation of the factor structure of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale – elderly version (AMAS-E) in community dwelling older adult New ZealandersNZ J Psychol20164534147

 Google Scholar

LowePAReynoldsCRExamination of the psychometric properties of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale – elderly version scoresEduc Psychol Meas200666193115

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

PachanaNAByrneGJSiddleHKoloskiNHarleyEArnoldEDevelopment and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety InventoryInt Psychogeriatr200719110311416805925

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

RibeiroOPaúlCSimõesMRFirminoHPortuguese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory: transcultural adaptation and psychometric validationAging Ment Health201115674274821656405

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ByrneGJPachanaNAGoncalvesDCArnoldEKingRKhooSKPsychometric properties and health correlates of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in Australian community-residing older womenAging Ment Health201014324725420425643

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Márquez-GonzálezMLosadaAFernández-FernándezVPachanaNAPsychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Geriatric Anxiety InventoryInt Psychogeriatr201224113714421813040

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MassenaPNde AraújoNBPachanaNLaksJde PáduaACValidation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of Geriatric Anxiety Inventory: GAI-BRInt Psychogeriatr20152771113111924946782

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ChampagneALandrevillePGosselinPCarmichaelPHPsychometric properties of the French Canadian version of the Geriatric Anxiety InventoryAging Ment Health201620161226767

 Google Scholar

GuanMFactor structure of the Chinese version of the Geriatric Anxiety InventoryAnn Gen Psychiatry2016151426823674

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

FerrariSSignorelliMCerratoFNever too late to be anxious: validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Italian versionClin Ter20171682e120e12728383623

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ByrneGJPachanaNAArnoldLChalkJBAppaduraiKPerformance characteristics of the geriatric anxiety inventory in memory clinic attendeesAlzheimes Dement200844T441T442

 Google Scholar

DiefenbachGJTolinDFMeunierSAGilliamCMAssessment of anxiety in older home care recipientsGerontologist200949214115319363010

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

YochimBPMuellerAEJuneASegalDLPsychometric properties of the geriatric anxiety scale: comparison to the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Geriatric Anxiety InventoryClin Gerontol20103412133

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ByrneGJPachanaNADevelopment and validation of a short form of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory: the GAI-SFInt Psychogeriatr201123112513120561386

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

JohncoCKnightATadicDWuthrichVMPsychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) and its short-form (GAI-SF) in a clinical and non-clinical sample of older adultsInt Psychogeriatr20152771089109725111285

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

SegalDLJuneAPayneMCoolidgeFLYochimBDevelopment and initial validation of a self-report assessment tool for anxiety among older adults: the Geriatric Anxiety ScaleJ Anxiety Disord201024770971420558032

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bolghan-AbadiMSegalDLCoolidgeFLGottschlingJPersian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale: translation and preliminary psychometric properties among Iranian older adultsAging Ment Health201317789690023611025

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

GottschlingJSegalDLHäuseleCSpinathFMStollGAssessment of anxiety in older adults: translation and psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS)J Psychopathol Behav Assess2016381136148

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

LinXLLuDLGottschlingJSegalDLTangSYValidation of a Chinese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale among community-dwelling older adults in mainland ChinaJ Cross Cult Gerontol2017321577027541156

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HallitSHallitRHachemDNasraMCKheirNSalamehPValidation of the Arabic version of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale among Lebanese population of older adultsJ Psychopathol2017112634

 Google Scholar

GattiAGottschlingJBrugneraAAn investigation of the psychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS) in an Italian sample of community-dwelling older adultsAging Ment Health201720171347141

 Google Scholar

MuellerAESegalDLGavettBGeriatric Anxiety Scale: item response theory analysis, differential item functioning, and creation of a ten-item short form (GAS-10)Int Psychogeriatr20152771099111124576589

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

WisockiPAHandenBMorseCKThe Worry Scale as a measure of anxiety among homebound and community active elderlyBehav Ther (N Y N Y)1986959195

 Google Scholar

StanleyMANovyDMBourlandSLBeckJGAverillPMAssessing older adults with generalized anxiety: a replication and extensionBehav Res Ther200139222123511153975

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

TherrienZHunsleyJAssessment of anxiety in older adults: a systematic review of commonly used measuresAging Ment Health201216111621838650

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HuntSWisockiPYankoJWorry and use of coping strategies among older and younger adultsJ Anxiety Disord200317554756012941365

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

StanleyMABeckJGGlasscoJDTreatment of generalized anxiety in older adults: a preliminary comparison of cognitive-behavioral and supportive approachesBehav Ther1996274565581

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

StanleyMABeckJGNovyDMCognitive-behavioral treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorderJ Consult Clin Psychol200371230931812699025

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HopkoDRReasDLBeckJGAssessing worry in older adults: confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated modelPsychol Assess200315217318312847777

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

StanleyMABeckJGZebbBJPsychometric properties of four anxiety measures in older adultsBehav Res Ther199634108278388952126

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HuntSLWisockiPARogerPR“What, me worry?” An examination of the literature on worry and the older adultBehav Ther (N Y N Y)2009321916

 Google Scholar

WisockiPAThe experience of worry among the elderlyDaveyGCTallisFWorrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and TreatmentOxfordWiley1994247261

 Google Scholar

HervéCDufourNLebrunCAdaptation en Français et validation d’une échelle de mesure des peurs des personnes âgées (PPA)Can J Behav Sci2014463313319

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

SpielbergerCDManual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI (Form Y)(“Self-Evaluation Questionnaire”)Mountain View (CA)Consulting Psychologists Press1983

 Google Scholar

SpielbergerCDInventario per l’Ansia di «Stato» e di «Tratto»: Nuova Versione Italiana dello STAI Forma Y – ManualeFlorenceGiunti Organizzazioni Speciali1989

 Google Scholar

ForsbergCBjörvellHSwedish population norms for the GHRI, HI and STAI-stateQual Life Res1993253493568136800

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

FuentesKCoxBAssessment of anxiety in older adults: a community-based survey and comparison with younger adultsBehav Res Ther200038329730910665162

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

KvaalKUlsteinINordhusIHEngedalKThe Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI): the state scale in detecting mental disorders in geriatric patientsInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200520762963416021666

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HimmelfarbSMurrellSAThe prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in older adultsJ Psychol198411621591676609232

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BeckJGNovyDMDiefenbachGJStanleyMAAverillPMSwannACDifferentiating anxiety and depression in older adults with generalized anxiety disorderPsychol Assess200315218419212847778

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

DennisRBoddingtonSFunnellNSelf-report measures of anxiety: are they suitable for older adults?Aging Ment Health200711666867718074254

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

KabacoffRISegalDLHersenMvan HasseltVBPsychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory with older adult psychiatric outpatientsJ Anxiety Disord199711133479131880

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

CrittendonJHopkoDRAssessing worry in older and younger adults: psychometric properties of an abbreviated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-A)J Anxiety Disord20062081036105416387472

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

YesavageJABrinkTLRoseTLDevelopment and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary reportJ Psychiatr Res198217137497183759

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BeckATEpsteinNBrownGSteerRAAn inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric propertiesJ Consult Clin Psychol19885668933204199

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

WetherellJLAreánPAPsychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patientsPsychol Assess199792136144

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

FydrichTDowdallDChamblessDLReliability and validity of the Beck Anxiety InventoryJ Anxiety Disord1992615561

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BeckATEpsteinNBrownGSteerRAAn inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric propertiesJ Consult Clin Psychol19885668938973204199

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

WetherellJLGatzMThe Beck Anxiety Inventory in older adults with generalized anxiety disorderJ Psychopathol Behav Assess20052711724

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HewittPLNortonGRThe Beck Anxiety Inventory: a psychometric analysisPsychol Assess199354408412

 Google Scholar

BeckATSteerRARelationship between the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale with anxious outpatientsJ Anxiety Disord199153213223

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MorinCMLandrevillePColecchiCMcDonaldKStoneJLingWThe Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties with older adultsJ Clin Geropsychol1999511929

 Google Scholar

MeyerTJMillerMLMetzgerRLBorkovecTDDevelopment and validation of the Penn State Worry QuestionnaireBehav Res Ther19902864874952076086

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BeckJGStanleyMAZebbBJPsychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in older adultsJ Clin Geropsychol1995113342

 Google Scholar

NewmanMGCastonguayLGJacobsonNCMooreGAAdult attachment as a moderator of treatment outcome for generalized anxiety disorder: comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) plus supportive listening and CBT plus interpersonal and emotional processing therapyJ Consult Clin Psychol201583591592526052875

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HundtNEArmentoMEPorterBCullyJAKunikMEStanleyMPredictors of treatment satisfaction among older adults with anxiety in a primary care psychology programEval Program Plann201337586323434724

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

NuevoRMackintoshMAGatzMMontorioIWetherellJLA test of the measurement invariance of a brief version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire between American and Spanish older adultsInt Psychogeriatr20071918910416834810

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ReeMJFrenchDMacLeodCLockeVDistinguishing cognitive and somatic dimensions of state and trait anxiety: development and validation of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA)Behav Cogn Psychother2008363313332

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BalsamoMInnamoratiMvan DamNTCarlucciLSagginoAMeasuring anxiety in the elderly: psychometric properties of the State Trait Inventory of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) in an elderly Italian sampleInt Psychogeriatr2015276999100825592436

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

GrösDFAntonyMMSimmsLJMcCabeREPsychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)Psychol Assess200719436938118085930

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

RobertsKEHartTAEastwoodJDFactor structure and validity of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic AnxietyPsychol Assess201628213414626011481

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

SagginoACarlucciLSergiMRA validation study of the psychometric properties of the Other as Shamer Scale – 2SAGE Open201772 2158244017704241

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar