Impact of whole body electromyostimulation on cardiometabolic risk factors in older women with sarcopenic obesity: the randomized controlled FORMOsA-sarcopenic obesity study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participant flow through the different study phases.

Abbreviations: FU, follow-up; SMI, skeletal muscle index; WB-EMS, whole-body electromyostimulation; WB-EMS&P, whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the three study groups

Variable	WB-EMS, MV ± SD	WB-EMS&P, MV ± SD	Control, MV ± SD	P-value
Age (years)	77.3±4.9	76.4±2.9	77.4±4.9	0.289
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	24.2±2.0	24.1±1.8	23.9±1.4	0.847
Fat free mass (kg)	39.4±42.9	39.9±2.4	38.8±3.1	0.523
Years menopausal (years)	50.1±5.8	49.9±6.0	49.7±5.9	0.908
Multi-morbid, na,b	18	22	21	0.319
Hypertension, nb,c	17	19	19	0.777
Hypercholesterolemia, nb,d,f	13	11	13	0.719
Diabetes mellitus type II, n	4	3	2	0.220
Physical activity (index)e	4.04±1.31	3.92±1.26	4.44±1.61	0.393
Regular exercise 30–50 years, %f	8	12	12	0.647
LLFDI (index)b	1.91±0.64	1.65±0.58	1.74±0.78	0.370
Fear of falling (index)g	1.28±0.27	1.22±0.18	1.21±0.34	0.663
Gait speed (m/s)	1.14±0.14	1.17±0.19	1.23±0.23	0.280
Hand grip strength (kg)	18.8±3.8	20.9±2.9	19.4±4.2	0.112
Energy intake (MJ/day)h	7.11±0.89	7.32±0.69	6.97±0.95	0.388
Protein (g/day)h	72.4±18.6	70.6±17.3	72.7±18.1	0.919
Fat (g/day)h	65.9±11.4	68.6±10.3	61.7±7.9	0.082
Carbohydrates (g/day)h	179.4±33.5	175.9±37.4	172.2±28.3	0.768
Dietary vitamin D (IU/day)h	200±195	222±176	148±109	0.335

Notes:

a Two and more diseases using the disease cluster of Schäfer et al;²⁴

b total cholesterol >250 mg/dL;

c as assessed by PA questionnaire⁴³ and interview. Index: Scale from 1 (very low) to 7 (very high);

d ≥2 sessions/week from 20–50 years;

e Late Life Function and Disability Instrument scale, from 1 (no problems) – 4 (great problems);⁴⁴

f systolic RR >140 or diastolic RR >90 mmHg;

g Falls Efficacy Scale–International Version, scale from 1 (no concerns) – 4 (serious concerns);⁴⁵

h based on a 3-day dietary analysis.

Abbreviations: CG, control group; LLFDI, Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument; MJ, megajoule; PA, physical activity; WB-EMS, whole-body electromyostimulation; WB-EMS&P, whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation; MV, mean value.

Figure 2 WB-EMS application with slight movements in a supine sitting/lying position.

Abbreviation: WB-EMS, whole-body electromyostimulation.

Table 2 Baseline values and changes of metabolic syndrome parameters in the three study groups

Variable	WB-EMS, MV (± SD)	WB-EMS&P, MV (± SD)	CG, MV (± SD)	P-value
Metabolic syndrome Z-score
Baseline	−0.99 (±3.10)	−0.59 (±3.19)	−0.96 (±2.52)	0.871
Difference	−0.36 (±1.30)	−0.84 (±1.23)	0.26 (±1.32)	0.012

Abbreviations: CG, control group; SD, standard deviation; WB-EMS, whole-body electromyostimulation; WB-EMS&P, whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation; MV, mean value.

Table 3 Baseline values and changes of selected parameters constituting the metabolic syndrome Z-score according to the NCEP ATP III criteria¹⁷

Variable	WB-EMS, MV ± SD	WB-EMS&P, MV ± SD	CG, MV ± SD	P-value
Waist circumference (cm)
Baseline	93.5±4.78	92.8±7.24	91.4±6.41	0.474
Difference	−1.43±2.11	−0.67±1.49	−0.02±2.26	0.066
Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)
Baseline	108.4±13.2	109.9±11.9	106.4±11.6	0.922
Difference	−8.78±10.95	−9.94±9.83	−2.23±9.46	0.031
HDL-C (mg/dL)
Baseline	73.7±11.5	66.7±18.4	69.5±15.9	0.267
Difference	−1.30±6.35	1.76±7.15	−4.58±6.58	0.016
Triglycerides (mg/d L)
Baseline	130.5±52.0	110.6±44.5	123.0±52.5	0.403
Difference	2.8±28.5	−2.6±36.0	9.8 ±39.2	0.507
Fasting glucose (mg/d L)
Baseline	95.9±16.7	99.1±19.0	96.1±12.4	0.922
Difference	−3.0±10.3	−0.8±11.2	−3.6±7.9	0.640

Abbreviations: CG, control group; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NCEP ATP III, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; SD, standard deviation; WB-EMS, whole-body electromyostimulation; WB-EMS&P, whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation; MV, mean value.

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