Effects of different doses of high-speed resistance training on physical performance and quality of life in older women: a randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 CONSORT diagram of recruitment and randomization process.

Abbreviations: RT2, resistance training group completing two training sessions/week; RT3, resistance training group completing three training sessions/week.

Table 1 Cohort characteristic at baseline of the intervention group

Dependent variables	CG (n=8)	RT2 (n=8)	RT3 (n=8)	P-value
Body mass (kg)	59.6±7.2	62.1±7.8	64.7±6.5	0.376
Height (cm)	148±5.8	149±4.1	148±6.5	0.895
Body mass index (kg·m^−2)	27.4±4.0	28.0±4.1	29.6±3.4	0.505
Resting heart rate (beats min^−1)	70.3±7.1	69.4±6.7	73.0±10.3	0.657
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	146±14.8	156±18.1	154±20.2	0.151
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	76.8±7.3	76.4±5.8	74.9±7.9	0.855

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Differences between groups were investigated using one-way ANOVA test.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CG, control group; RT2, resistance training group completing two training sessions/week; RT3, resistance training group completing three training sessions/week.

Table 2 Training effects (with 90% confidence limits) for the strength, power-related, and functional performance variables

Dependent variables	Baseline, mean ± SD	Change (%)	Cohen’s d effect size
Dominant maximum isometric handgrip (kg)
CG	23.1±4.0	1.3 (−0.6, 3.2)	0.06 (−0.03, 0.16)
RT2	22.2±5.9	9.4 (5.4, 13.6)c,e	0.32 (0.19, 0.45)*
RT3	22.0±3.6	8.4 (6.5, 10.3)c,e	0.39 (0.30, 0.47)*
Non-dominant maximum isometric handgrip (kg)
CG	20.9±5.1	1.3 (−1.5, 4.2)	0.04 (−0.05, 0.14)
RT2	18.1±3.9	23.4 (17.5, 29.6)c,e	0.80 (0.61, 0.98)**
RT3	20.1±2.8	19.4 (11.9, 27.3)c,e	1.06 (0.67, 1.44)**
Ball throwing (cm)
CG	248±33.5	−2.1 (−4.8, 0.6)	−0.14 (−0.32, 0.04)
RT2	219±62.0	19.1 (8.0, 31.3)c,f	0.59 (0.26, 0.92)*
RT3	231±46.3	15.4 (9.2, 21.9)c,f	0.72 (0.44, 0.99)**
10-m walking sprint (s)
CG	5.04±5.9	2.2 (−0.7, 5.3)	0.11 (−0.04, 0.25)
RT2	5.71±1.2	−9.3 (−13.7, −4.6)c,d	−0.38 (−0.58, −0.18)*
RT3	5.13±1.1	−8.4 (−10.8, −5.9)a,f	−0.36 (−0.47, −0.25)*
8-Foot up-and-go test (s)
CG	6.96±0.9	0.1 (−3.0, 3.2)	0.01 (−0.20, 0.21)
RT2	6.60±1.4	−10.0 (−13.4, −6.4)b,e	−0.48 (−0.66, −0.30)*
RT3	7.10±1.9	−10.2 (−14.5, −5.7)c,e	−0.38 (−0.55, −0.21)*
Sit-to-stand test (repetitions)
CG	12.3±2.6	−2.1 (−10.5, 7.2)	−0.08 (−0.40, 0.25)
RT2	15.3±2.6	23.5 (16.0, 31.5)c,f	1.12 (0.79, 1.45)**
RT3	12.5±3.5	27.3 (17.8, 37.6)c,f	0.64 (0.44, 0.85)**

Notes:

* Small;

** moderate;

a,b,c significant difference (two-way ANOVA) from pre- to post-training (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001, respectively);

d,e,f significant change in difference (one-way ANOVA) with the CG (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001, respectively).

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CG, control group; RT2, resistance training group completing two training sessions/week; RT3, resistance training group completing three training sessions/week; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Training effects (with 90% confidence limits) for the balance performance variables

Dependent variables	Baseline, mean ± SD	Change (%)	Cohen’s d effect size
Anterior–posterior normal stance eyes open (cm)
CG	0.74±0.17	2.1 (−10.1, 15.9)	0.08 (−0.39, 0.54)
RT2	0.70±0.24	−17.0 (−24.0, −9.5)a,b	−0.46 (−0.68, −0.25)*
RT3	0.79±0.28	−18.8 (−24.3, −12.9)a,b	−0.55 (−0.73, −0.36)*
Medial–lateral normal stance eyes open (cm)
CG	0.60±0.15	7.7 (−2.6, 19.0)	0.27 (−0.10, 0.64)*
RT2	0.61±0.19	−15.9 (−23.3, −7.8)c,d	−0.49 (−0.75, −0.23)*
RT3	0.63±0.20	−15.7 (−19.2, −12.0)a,d	−0.49 (−0.61, −0.37)*
Anterior–posterior normal stance eyes closed (cm)
CG	0.97±0.17	−2.8 (−9.1, 3.9)	−0.13 (−0.42, 0.17)
RT2	0.96±0.27	−23.0 (−32.3, −12.4)d,e	−0.68 (−1.01, −0.34)**
RT3	1.10±0.33	−25.1 (−31.7, −17.9)e,f	−0.95 (−1.25, −0.65)**
Medial–lateral normal stance eyes closed (cm)
CG	0.67±0.20	16.9 (5.2, 29.9)a	0.48 (0.16, 0.80)
RT2	0.67±0.24	−17.4 (−23.7, −10.5)a,f	−0.51 (−0.72, −0.30)*
RT3	0.71±0.22	−16.2 (−21.3, −10.7)a,f	−0.60 (−0.82, −0.38)**
Anterior–posterior perturbed stance eyes open (cm)
CG	0.88±0.21	4.8 (−4.5, 15.0)	0.16 (−0.16, 0.49)
RT2	0.88±0.28	−21.4 (−34.3, −6.1)c,d	−0.47 (−0.83, −0.12)*
RT3	0.92±0.33	−15.2 (−20.1, −10.0)a,d	−0.43 (−0.59, −0.28)*
Medial–lateral perturbed stance eyes open (cm)
CG	0.84±0.13	0.3 (−5.5, 6.5)	0.02 (−0.32, 0.35)
RT2	0.88±0.18	−15.6 (−20.1, −10.9)e,d	−0.65 (−0.86, −0.44)**
RT3	0.91±0.25	−15.2 (−21.2, −8.7)e,d	−0.58 (−0.84, −0.32)*
Anterior–posterior perturbed stance eyes closed (cm)
CG	1.24±0.22	0.2 (−5.8, 6.6)	0.01 (−0.34, 0.37)
RT2	1.21±0.26	−15.5 (−18.8, −12.0)e,f	−0.73 (−0.90, −0.56)**
RT3	1.25±0.40	−15.9 (−18.7, −13.0)e,f	−0.53 (−0.64, −0.43)*
Medial–lateral perturbed stance eyes closed (cm)
CG	0.91±0.18	5.0 (−4.6, 15.6)	0.20 (−0.19, 0.60)
RT2	1.00±0.21	−15.7 (−18.5, −12.7)c,d	−0.69 (−0.83, −0.55)**
RT3	1.02±0.24	−14.6 (−21.5, −7.1)c,d	−0.61 (−0.94, −0.29)**

Notes:

* Small;

** moderate;

a,c,e significant difference (two-way ANOVA) from pre- to post-training (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001, respectively);

b,d,f significant change in difference (one-way ANOVA) with the CG (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001, respectively).

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CG, control group; RT2, resistance training group completing two training sessions per week; RT3, resistance training group completing three training sessions per week.

Table 4 Training effects (with 90% confidence limits) for the responses to the menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire

Dependent variables	Baseline, mean ± SD	Change (%)	Cohen’s d effect size
Psychosocial
CG	13.8±5.0	3.2 (−2.1, 8.8)	0.06 (−0.04, 0.17)
RT2	14.5±10.5	−22.3 (−32.0, −11.3)a,b	−0.25 (−0.38, −0.12)*
RT3	14.1±3.2	−21.6 (−31.5, −10.2)a,b	−0.41 (−0.64, −0.18)*
Physical
CG	28.6±10.5	4.6 (−4.9, 15.1)	0.10 (−0.12, 0.32)
RT2	36.5±16.7	−42.1 (−52.9, −28.8)b,c	−1.24 (−1.71, −0.77)***
RT3	37.6±20.3	−51.7 (−62.5, −37.7)c,d	−1.09 (−1.47, −0.71)**
Overall
CG	67.4±19.1	3.6 (−1.1, 8.5)	0.09 (−0.03, 0.21)
RT2	79.0±31.1	−22.1 (−33.4, −8.9)a,b	−0.65 (−1.06, −0.24)**
RT3	72.8±29.7	−32.4 (−40.8, −22.8)c,b	−0.81 (−1.08, −0.53)**

Notes:

* Small;

** moderate;

*** large;

a,c significant difference (two-way ANOVA) from pre- to post-training (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively);

b,d significant change in difference (one-way ANOVA) with the CG (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively).

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CG, control group; RT2, resistance training group completing two training sessions per week; RT3, resistance training group completing three training sessions per week; SD, standard deviation.