Promoting ADL independence in vulnerable, community-dwelling older adults: a pilot RCT comparing 3-Step Workout for Life versus resistance exercise

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Variables	3-Step Workout for Life Group (n=27)	Resistance Exercise Only Group (n=25)
Age, mean (SD)	71.69 (8.23)	73.58 (7.73)
Years of education, mean (SD)	13.33 (2.69)	12.74 (2.39)
Gender
Female, n (%)	21 (77.8%)	22 (88%)
Male, n (%)	6 (22.2%)	3 (12%)
Race
White, n (%)	13 (48.2%)	15 (60%)
Black, n (%)	13 (48.2%)	9 (36%)
Other, n (%)	1 (3.6%)	1 (4%)
Number of chronic conditions, mean (SD)	4.44 (1.69)	4.40 (1.89)
Body mass index, mean (SD)	34.26 (7.36)	31.57 (7.69)
PEG 3-item pain scale, mean (SD)	1.86 (2.07)	3.28 (2.83)
PHQ9, mean (SD)	4.67 (3.70)	5.80 (5.48)
Box and Blocks Test
Dominant hand, mean (SD)	49.71 (8.72)	47.44 (10.18)
Nondominant hand, mean (SD)	48.22 (8.73)	47.64 (9.12)
Timed Up and Go Test, mean (SD)	15.69 (4.32)	17.01 (4.24)
Assessment of Motor and Process Skills
Motor Skills score, mean (SD)	1.28 (0.73)	1.05 (0.48)

Abbreviation: PHQ9, The Patient Health Questionnaire.

Figure 1 The study CONSORT flow diagram.

Abbreviation: CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials.

Table 2 Comparing mean change from baseline to postintervention and 6-month follow-up

Measurement	Group	Postintervention		6-month follow-up
		Mean (SD)	Mean change from baseline (95% confidence interval)	Mean (SD)	Mean change from baseline (95% confidence interval)
Box and Blocks Test: dominant hand	3-Step Workout for Life	49.52 (8.68)	0.43 (−1.92, 2.78)	47.90 (8.68)	−1.10 (−4.43, 2.24)
	Resistance Exercise Only	47.09 (8.79)	−0.52 (−2.77, 1.73)	43.77 (9.68)	−4.05* (−7.30, −0.80)
Box and Blocks Test: nondominant hand	3-Step Workout for Life	50.05 (9.05)	2.10 (−0.12, 4.31)	47.67 (8.85)	−0.28 (−3.11, 2.55)
	Resistance Exercise Only	48.70 (7.03)	0.97 (−1.15, 3.09)	46.23 (9.46)	−1.60 (−4.34, 1.15)
Timed Up and Go Test	3-Step Workout for Life	16.75 (8.23)	0.48 (−1.61, 2.58)	16.43 (5.60)	0.28 (−1.18, 1.74)
	Resistance Exercise Only	16.76 (3.19)	−0.12 (−2.12, 1.88)	18.81 (4.35)	1.84* (0.45, 3.23)
Assessment of Motor and Process Skills: Motor Skills score	3-Step Workout for Life	1.44 (0.60)	0.29* (0.05, 0.53)	1.26 (0.47)	0.12 (−0.08, 0.32)
	Resistance Exercise Only	1.15 (0.59)	0.04 (−0.19, 0.28)	0.85 (0.50)	−0.25* (−0.45, −0.06)

Note:

* P<0.05.

Figure 2 Estimated means and 95% confidence intervals by outcomes and groups at postintervention and 6-month follow-up.

Notes: Outcome of the Box and Blocks Test dominant hand by groups and time points (A). Outcome of the Box and Blocks Test non-dominant hand by groups and time points (B). Outcome of the Timed Up and Go Test by groups and time points (C). Outcome of the AMPS Motor Skills by groups and time points (D). Solid line: 3-Step Workout for Life Group. Dashed line: Resistance Exercise Only Group. Estimates were based on the constrained longitudinal data analysis.
Abbreviation: AMPS, Assessment of Motor and Process Skills.