Influence of cigarette smoking on hormone and lipid metabolism in women in late reproductive stage

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparative analysis of lipid metabolism and hormones in non-smoking and smoking women in the late reproductive stage

Variable N=345	Non-smoking		Smoking		Z	p-value
	n=299 (86.67%)		n=46 (13.33%)
	Median (IQR)	Min–Max	Median (IQR)	Min–Max
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	191 (44)	107–295	197.5 (39)	136–282	−1.603	0.109
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	55 (16)	21–109	51 (21)	18–85	1.985	0.047
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	116 (38)	41–221	122.5 (37)	51–203	−2.008	0.045
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	79 (46)	35–327	97 (58)	43–429	−2.259	0.024
Hormone profile
E2 (pg/mL)	85.9 (99.5)	4.3–841	64.4 (46.3)	4.9–279.3	2.333	0.020
FSH (mIU/mL)	6.2 (3.4)	2.3–497.5	7.4 (4.8)	3.8–115.0	−2.115	0.034
AMH (ng/mL)	1.33 (2.37)	0.15–11.59	1.35 (2.14)	0.15–8.17	−0.282	0.778

Note: Bold values denote statistical significance (p<0.05).

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; Min, minimum value; Max, maximum value; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; E2, estradiol; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; AMH, anti-Müllerian hormone.

Table 2 Multiple regression analysis of lipid metabolism and hormones in smoking and non-smoking women in the late reproductive stage

	Smoking	Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	Triglycerides (mg/dL)	R/p
AMH (ng/mL)	Yes	–	−0.015	−0.002	0.001	0.324/0.312
	No	0.000	0.003	–	−0.001	0.120/0.375
E2 (pg/mL)	Yes	–	0.082	0.232	−0.036	0.270/0.516
	No	0.112	0.583	–	0.172	0.115/0.417
FSH (mIU/mL)	Yes	–	−0.068	0.097	−0.039	0.300/0.400
	No	0.004	0.000	–	−0.026	0.073/0.810

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AMH, anti-Müllerian hormone; E2, estradiol; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; R, coefficient of determination; p, level of significance.

Table 3 Multiple regression analysis of hormone and lipid metabolism determinants with age and BMI in the groups of smoking and non-smoking women in the late reproductive stage

	Smoking	Age	BMI	R/p
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	Yes	0.247*	−0.247*	0.340/0.067
	No	0.154**	0.030	0.161/0.021
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	Yes	0.193	−0.382**	0.418/0.014
	No	−0.066	−0.411***	0.425/0.000
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	Yes	0.197	−0.157	0.246/0.255
	No	0.169**	0.095*	0.205/0.002
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	Yes	−0.018	0.895	0.134/0.671
	No	0.108**	0.390***	0.418/0.000
AMH (ng/mL)	Yes	−0.402**	0.095	0.408/0.018
	No	−0.347***	−0.063	0.361/0.000
E2 (pg/mL)	Yes	0.371**	0.233*	0.448/0.007
	No	0.042	−0.076	0.082/0.369
FSH (mIU/mL)	Yes	0.243*	−0.231	0.327/0.083
	No	0.069	−0.078	0.097/0.245

Notes:

* p<0.1;

** p<0.05;

*** p<0.001.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AMH, anti-Müllerian hormone; E2, estradiol; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; R, coefficient of determination; p, level of significance.