Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with diabetic dyslipidemia in the elderly male population in North China

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of case groups and controls

Characteristics	ND (N=100)	DO (N=134)	DH (N=108)	P-value
General characteristics
Age (years)	75.8±11.2	77.2±9.8	75.7±9.9	0.442
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.6±2.5	24.1±2.5	24.6±2.8*	0.019
SBP (mmHg)	125.9±11.9	127.8±12.6	128.8±11.8	0.209
DBP (mmHg)	71.3±8.9	70.1±9.0	71.5±7.7	0.380
Diabetic characteristic
Duration of diabetes (years)	–	12.4±7.8	11.9±8.9	0.701
FBG (mmol/L)	5.3±0.4	6.2±1.1*	6.2±1.5*	<0.001
2 h PG (mmol/L)	6.8±0.7	10.6±2.1*	10.3±1.9*	<0.001
Lipid profile
TC (mmol/L)	4.2±0.5	4.1±0.6	4.9±1.0*,#	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.0±0.3	1.0±0.3	1.7±0.8*,#	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.4±0.5	2.4±0.6	3.1±0.9*,#	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.4±0.3	1.4±0.3	1.2±0.4*,#	<0.001
Non-HDL-C (mmol/L)	2.8±0.5	2.7±0.6	3.7±0.9*,#	<0.001
LDL-C/HDL-C	1.8±0.6	1.8±0.5	2.7±0.7*,#	<0.001
Liver and kidney function
BUN (mmol/L)	5.9±1.4	6.1±1.4	5.9±1.4	0.175
Cr (umol/L)	85.0±13.1	84.3±15.0	82.4±14.2	0.400
UA (umol/L)	334.0±64.8	334.9±62.7	349.4±72.9	0.159
ALP (IU/L)	17.4±8.4	17.2±7.3	18.3±8.6	0.527
Smoking (0/1/2)a	72/16/12	85/19/30	61/23/24	0.102
Drinking (0/1/2)a	70/25/5	93/37/4	77/27/4	0.930

Notes: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

* Indicates significantly different from ND group;

# indicates significantly different from DO group.

a 0= never, 1= now, 2= past.

Abbreviations: ND, healthy controls; DO, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without dyslipidemia; DH, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; 2 h PG, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.

Table 2 Comparison of VDR-ApaI genotype and allele frequency between case groups and controls

Group	N	Genotype			Allele
		TT, n (%)	TG, n (%)	GG, n (%)	T, n (%)	G, n (%)
ND	100	13 (13)	38 (38)	49 (49)	64 (32)	136 (68)
DM	242	19 (7.9)	92 (38)	131 (54.1)	130 (26.9)	354 (73.1)
DO	134	9 (6.7)	50 (37.3)	75 (56)	68 (25.4)	200 (74.6)
DH	108	10 (9.3)	42 (38.9)	56 (51.9)	62 (28.7)	154 (71.3)
ND vs DM				χ^2=2.359 P=0.307		χ^2=1.841 P=0.175
ND vs DO vs DH				χ^2=3.004 P=0.557		χ^2=2.494 P=0.287

Abbreviations: ND, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; DO, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without dyslipidemia; DH, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia; VDR, vitamin D receptor.

Table 3 Comparison of VDR-TaqI genotype and allele frequency between case groups and controls

Group	N	Genotype			Allele
		TT, n (%)	TC, n (%)	CC, n (%)	T, n (%)	C, n (%)
ND	100	86 (86)	14 (14)	0 (0)	186 (93)	14 (7)
DM	242	224 (92.6)	18 (7.4)	0 (0)	466 (96.3)	18 (3.7)
DO	134	127 (94.8)	7 (5.2)	0 (0)	261 (97.4)	7 (2.6)
DH	108	97 (89.8)	11 (10.2)	0 (0)	205 (94.9)	11 (5.1)
ND vs DM				χ^2=3.593 P=0.058		χ^2=3.416 P=0.065
ND vs DO vs DH				χ^2=5.328 P=0.070		χ^2=5.067 P=0.079

Abbreviations: ND, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; DO, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without dyslipidemia; DH, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia; VDR, vitamin D receptor.

Table 4 Comparison of VDR-FokI genotype and allele frequency between case groups and controls

Group	N	Genotype			Allele
		CC, n (%)	CT, n (%)	TT, n (%)	C, n (%)	T, n (%)
ND	100	38 (38)	50 (50)	12 (12)	126 (63)	74 (37)
DM	242	129 (53.3)	94 (38.8)	19 (7.9)	352 (72.7)	132 (27.3)
DO	134	66 (49.3)	60 (44.8)	8 (6)	192 (71.6)	76 (28.4)
DH	108	63 (58.3)	34 (31.5)	11 (10.2)	160 (74.1)	56 (25.9)
ND vs DM*				χ^2=6.830 P=0.033		χ^2=6.362 P=0.012
ND vs DO vs DH*				χ^2=11.522 P=0.021		χ^2=6.699 P=0.035
ND vs DO				χ^2=4.400 P=0.111		χ^2=3.927 P=0.048
ND vs DH*				χ^2=8.985 P=0.011		χ^2=5.928 P=0.015
DO vs DH				χ^2=4.999 P=0.082		χ^2=0.357 P=0.550

Note:

* Indicates significant difference.

Abbreviations: ND, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; DO, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without dyslipidemia; DH, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia; VDR, vitamin D receptor.

Table 5 Comparison of VDR-FokI genotype between cases and controls in dominant or recessive model

Group	N	Dominant		Recessive
		CC, n (%)	CT + TT, n (%)	CC + CT, n (%)	TT, n (%)
ND	100	38 (38)	62 (62)	88 (88)	12 (12)
DM	242	129 (53.3)	113 (46.7)	223 (92.1)	19 (7.9)
DO	134	66 (49.3)	68 (50.7)	126 (94)	8 (6)
DH	108	63 (58.3)	45 (41.7)	97 (89.8)	11 (10.2)
ND vs DM*			χ^2=6.634 P=0.010		χ^2=1.478 P=0.224
ND vs DO vs DH*			χ^2=8.607 P=0.014		χ^2=2.767 P=0.251
ND vs DO			χ^2=2.937 P=0.087
ND vs DH*			χ^2=8.594 P=0.003
DO vs DH			χ^2=1.981 P=0.159

Note:

* Indicates significant difference.

Abbreviations: ND, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; DO, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without dyslipidemia; DH, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia; VDR, vitamin D receptor.

Figure 1 Pairwise linkage disequilibrium analysis of the three VDR gene SNPs: plot shows pairwise correlation of the SNPs (TaqI, ApaI and FokI) studied.

Abbreviations: VDR, vitamin D receptor; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms.