Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly among community-dwelling older adults in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process of PASE-A from the original English version.

Abbreviations: PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; PASE-A, Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.

Table 1 Participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics

Characteristics	Total (N=74)
Age (years), mean±SD	65.0±7.1
Women, n (%)	33 (45)
Level of education, n (%)
Primary school or lesser	48 (64.9)
Intermediate school or more	26 (35.1)
Occupation status, n (%)
None or retired	65 (87.8)
On job or freelance	9 (12.2)
Sector of the primary health care center, n (%)
East	12 (16.2)
North	25 (33.8)
South	22 (29.7)
Middle	15 (20.3)
Morbidity, n (%)
No	15 (20)
Yes ≥1	59 (80)
BMI (kg/m^2), mean±SD	29.4±5.3
Pain, mean±SD	1.9±2.3
Grip strength (kg), mean±SD	21.0±8.6
Timed Up and Go test (m/s), mean±SD	12.3±3.4
Weight (kg), mean±SD	75.5±13.3

Note: Values are presented in mean±SD or count (percentage).

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Score distribution of the two assessmentsa with the results of the reliability analyses of internal consistency

PASE-A component	PASE-A version		ICC (95% CI)	SEM	MDC 95	Cronbach’s alpha
	Test, mean±SD (n=74)	Retest, mean±SD (n=59)
Leisure time activity
Walk outside home	23.5±24.3	23.1±26.2	0.90 (0.85–0.94)	5.01 (3.05–6.97)	13.89 (11.93–15.85)	0.71
Light sport	1.3±5.4	1.4±4.2	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	4.74 (2.78–6.70)	13.13 (11.17–15.09)	0.73
Moderate sport	3.0±10.2	1.9±6.6	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	5.89 (3.93–7.85)	16.32 (14.36–18.28)	0.75
Strenuous sport	0.9±3.1	1.0±4.5	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	3.27 (1.31–5.23)	9.06 (7.10–11.02)	0.71
Muscle strength/endurance exercises	3.3±8.5	3.2±11.6	0.90 (0.85–0.94)	4.68 (2.72–6.64)	12.97 (11.01–14.93)	0.75
Household activity
Light housework	12.2±12.6	13.5±12.5	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	3.61 (1.65–5.57)	10.0 (8.04–11.96)	0.72
Heavy housework or chores	7.7±11.6	6.8±11.2	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	4.18 (2.22–6.14)	11.59 (9.63–13.55)	0.70
Home repairs	4.4±10.7	3.5±9.8	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	5.10 (3.14–7.06)	14.14 (12.18–16.10)	0.71
Lawn work or yard care	12.6±17.3	9.1±15.8	0.90 (0.85–0.94)	4.87 (2.91–6.83)	13.51 (11.55–15.47)	0.69
Outdoor gardening	5.1±8.7	4.0±8.1	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	3.85 (1.89–5.81)	10.68 (8.72–12.64)	0.70
Caring for another person	24.5±16.1	24.3±16.2	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	3.25 (1.29–5.21)	9.02 (7.06–10.98)	0.74
Work for pay or as a volunteer	12.8±30.5	8.3±25.4	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	8.53 (6.57–10.49)	23.63 (21.67–25.59)	0.72

Note:

a Two assessments, separated by a 1-week interval.

Abbreviations: ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient (two-way model, single measure); MDC₉₅, minimal detectable change from the 95% CI level; PASE-A, Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; SEM, standard error of measurement.

Table 3 Correlations between the PASE-A version and validation measures

Validation measure	Total PASE score, n=74	Leisure time activity score, n=74	Household activity score, n=74	Work-related activity, n=74
Grip strength	0.288*	0.443**	0.080	0.182
TUG	−0.451**	−0.442**	−0.272*	−0.282*
Weight	0.213	0.123	0.147	0.154
BMI	0.206	−0.055	0.290*	0.044
Fat percent	0.080	−0.258*	0.307**	−0.183
Fat mass	0.169	−0.094	0.278**	−0.030
FFM	0.112	0.288*	−0.114	0.311**
TBW percent	−0.080	0.257*	−0.304**	0.183
Muscle mass	0.111	0.293*	−0.118	0.312**

Notes: Bold values indicate statistically significant at

* p<0.05 and

** p<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; PASE-A, Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; TBW, total body water; TUG, the Timed Up and Go test.

Table 4 Correlation between the PASE-A version items and validation measures

Validation measure	Item no of the PASE-A
	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9a	9b	9c	9d	10
grip strength	0.379**	0.151	0.200	0.252*	0.137	0.−178	−0.005	0.146	0.121	0.186	0.093	0.182
TUG	−0.503**	−0.092	−0.240*	−0.139	−0.070	−0.003	−0.226	−0.368**	−0.215	−0.166	−0.123	−0.282*
BMI	−0.032	0.102	0.138	0.038	−0.013	0.303**	0.234*	0.155	0.085	0.034	0.235*	0.044
Fat percent	−0.245*	0.093	0.043	−0.004	−0.070	0.365**	0.323**	−0.040	0.135	−0.011	0.240*	−0.183

Notes: Item #2, walk outside home; item #3, light sport; item #4 moderate sport; item #5, strenuous sport; item #6, muscle strength/endurance exercise; item #7, light housework; item #8, heavy housework or chores; item #9a, home repairs; item #9b, lawn work or yard care; item #9c, outdoor gardening; item #9d, caring for another person; item #10, work for pay or as a volunteer. Bold values indicate statistically significant at

* p<0.05 and

** p<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PASE-A, Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; TUG, Timed Up and Go test.

Table 5 Correlations between the PASE-A, sociodemographic variables, pain, and morbidity

Variable	Total PASE score, n=74	Leisure time activity score, n=74	Household activity score, n=74	Work-related activity, n=74
Age	−0.246*	−0.168	−0.230*	−0.054
Education	0.120	0.058	0.094	0.262*
Occupation	0.152	0.083	0.006	0.536**
Pain	−0.252*	−0.165	−0.130	−0.230*
Morbidity	−0.325**	−0.277*	−0.292**	−0.019

Notes: Bold values indicate statistically significant at

* p<0.05 and

** p<0.01.

Abbreviations: PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; PASE-A, Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.