Relationship between abnormal glucose metabolism and osteoporosis in Han Chinese men over the age of 50 years

Figures & data

Table 1 General characteristics of the three glycometabolism groups

Characteristics	Normal (n=142)	IGR (n=245)	T2DM (n=388)	F-value	P-value	F-value adjusted for age	P-value adjusted for age
Age, years	73.5±11.0	75.7±11.1	76.7±10.8	5.00	0.00
Height, cm	171.13±4.88	170.12±5.44	170.3±5.90	1.71	0.18
Weight, kg	73.35±10.26	72.4±10.27	71.08±10.34	6.81	0.00	2.13	0.12
BMI, kg/m^2	24.0±2.81	24.32±2.82	24.45±3.03	1.43	0.24	2.82	0.06
SBP, mmHg	129.73±18.62	129.15±16.71	132.31±16.75	6.89	0.00	2.67	0.07
DBP, mmHg	77.10±10.87	74.37±9.96	72.75±10.72	5.23	0.00	0.39	0.68
FPG, mmol/L	5.17±0.38	5.44±0.50	6.38±1.60	9.23	0.00	8.90	0.00
PPG, mmol/L	5.92±0.76	8.23±1.28	11.13±2.90	5.87	0.00	6.48	0.00
FCP, ng/mL	2.34±1.18	2.61±1.11	2.42±0.82	1.05	0.35
FINS, mU/L	7.62±5.03	8.55±4.86	8.16±5.44	0.40	0.67
HbA1c, % (mmol/mol)	5.77±0.36 (40±3.9)	6.30±0.94 (45±10.3)	6.59±1.01 (49±11.0)	6.10	0.00	3.60	0.03
TC, mmol/L	4.86±0.90	4.71±0.95	4.5±0.95	9.43	0.00	6.33	0.00
TG, mmol/L	1.43±0.82	1.47±0.91	1.48±0.92	5.06	0.00	8.58	0.00
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.33±0.33	1.31±0.34	1.27±0.35	5.82	0.00	6.88	0.00
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.08±0.81	2.98±0.81	2.82±0.84	6.27	0.00	8.35	0.00
Serum Cr, µmol/L	85.23±14.54	86.38±18.78	87.19±21.97	5.94	0.00	5.75	0.00
ALT, U/L	17.60±10.79	19.67±11.21	20.28±11.75	2.83	0.06
UA, µmol/L	353.58±69.55	356±75.15	350.68±79.57	1.00	0.37

Notes: Values are presented as mean ± SD. ANOVA was used for analysis.

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; FCP, fasting C-peptide; FINS, fasting serum insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PPG, postprandial glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid.

Table 2 BMD values in different parts of the body in the three glycometabolism groups

Group	No of patients	BMD (g/cm^2)
		L1–4	FN-R	FN-L	Troch-R	Troch-L	Total-R	Total-L
Normal	142	1.189±0.197	0.866±0.148	0.876±0.138	0.803±0.132	0.817±0.129	0.955±0.149	0.964±0.144
IGR	245	1.214±0.221	0.855±0.142	0.859±0.140	0.793±0.136	0.806±0.138	0.948±0.151	0.956±0.152
T2DM	388	1.204±0.185	0.884±0.155	0.879±0.124	0.815±0.118	0.823±0.122	0.976±0.127	0.979±0.132
P-value adjusted for age and BMI		0.61	0.59	0.54	0.39	0.76	0.19	0.46
P-value adjusted for age,		0.22	0.53	0.64	0.63	0.35	0.87	0.88
BMI, height, and weight

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Spearman’s rho was used to detect the relationship between abnormal glycometabolism and OP and osteopenia detection rates. Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; FN, femoral neck; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; L, left; L1–4, lumbar vertebrae 1–4; OP, osteoporosis; R, right; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Troch, trochanter.

Table 3 Detection rates of OP and osteopenia in the three glycometabolism groups (n, %)

	Normal (n=142)	IGR (n=245)	T2DM (n=388)	P-value
Not detected	61 (41.96)	101 (41.22)	189 (48.71)
Osteopenia	66 (46.48)	107 (43.67)	170 (43.81)	0.03
OP	15 (10.56)	37 (15.10)	29 (7.47)

Note: Spearman’s rho was used for analysis.

Abbreviations: IGR, impaired glucose regulation; OP, osteoporosis; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Markers of bone metabolism and bone turnover in the three glycometabolism groups

Marker	Normal	IGR	T2DM	F-value	P-value	F-value adjusted for serum Cr, age, BMI	P-value adjusted for serum Cr, age, BMI
Ca, mmol/L	2.36±0.08	2.35±0.09	2.36±0.09	5.18	0.00	3.52	0.03
P, mmol/L	1.09±0.15	1.08±0.14	1.1±0.15	2.89	0.06	3.94	0.02
ALP, U/L	63.85±17.70	62.83±16.22	63.14±17.59	1.31	0.27	1.51	0.23
25(OH)D, ng/mL	20.36±8.94	21.82±9.30	22.49±10.14	5.33	0.00	4.63	0.01
PTH, pg/mL	38.10±14.36	41.09±15.97	39.17±15.27	8.21	0.00	1.72	0.18
β-CTX, ng/mL	0.30±0.15	0.29±0.16	0.26±0.16	6.40	0.00	3.84	0.02
BGP, ng/mL	18.25±8.32	16.56±7.85	15.05±7.03	5.34	0.00	7.75	0.00
P1NP, ng/mL	38.12±14.28	35.85±17.45	34.09±22.12	10.24	0.00	3.79	0.02

Notes: Values are presented as mean ± SD. ANOVA was used for analysis.

Abbreviations: BGP, bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein (osteocalcin); BMI, body mass index; Ca, calcium; Cr, creatinine; β-CTX, β-carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; P, phosphorus; P1NP, procollagen type 1 intact N-terminal propeptide; PTH, parathyroid hormone; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 5 Multiple logistic regression analysis for the glycometabolism groups

	OR	z-value	P-value	95% CI
Age	1.07	10.78	0.00	1.06–1.09
BGP	0.96	−2.89	0.004	0.94–0.99
BMI	1.06	2.61	0.009	1.02–1.12
Serum Cr	0.99	−2.09	0.037	0.99–1.0

Notes: 25(OH)D, β-CTX, BGP, P1NP, Cr, age, BMI, and weight as categorical independent variables and the glycometabolism groups as dependent variables. The Wald value is 225.38.

Abbreviations: β-CTX, β-carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen; BGP, bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein (osteocalcin); BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; P1NP, procollagen type 1 intact N-terminal propeptide.