Sarcopenic obesity and cognitive performance

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics according to sarcopenic obesity category (based on definition 1)

Characteristics	Controls	Obesity	Sarcopenia	Sarcopenic obesity
Age, years	65.87±0.89	66.98±1.02	73.02±0.90	71.17±2.21
Female, %	76 (68.5)	61 (71.8)	73 (67.0)	15 (83.3)
White race, %	66 (66.0)	43 (54.4)	73 (69.5)	9 (50.0)
BMI	25.37±0.30	35.09±0.35	24.92±0.31	32.16±0.76
Body fat, %	30.70±0.74	41.83±0.83	32.51±0.75	42.48±1.92
Muscle strength, lb	63.74±1.82	56.62±2.08	42.81±1.87	35.23±4.53
Muscle mass, lb	98.59±2.10	108.17±2.39	93.97±2.15	95.53±5.50
MoCA	23.86±0.50	22.51±0.58	21.67±0.51	20.83±1.25
Charlson index	4.89±0.19	5.22±0.22	5.83±0.19	5.33±0.50
Depression	4.56±0.37	5.90±0.43	5.77±0.39	5.20±1.01

Note: Bold values indicate significant difference from the sarcopenic obesity group at p<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Table 2 Sarcopenic obesity in relation to MoCA (obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m2)

Model term	Obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m^2				Obesity: highest two quintiles of PBF
	Definition 1		Definition 3		Definition 2		Definition 4
	Coefficient±SE	p-value	Coefficient±SE	p-value	Coefficient±SE	p-value	Coefficient±SE	p-value
Intercept	28.18±2.38	<0.001	28.01±2.37	<0.001	27.52±2.37	<0.001	27.62±2.32	<0.001
Controls	0	–	0	–	0	–	0	–
Obesity	−1.10±0.81	0.175	−1.02±1.02	0.315	−1.61±0.79	0.041	−1.61±0.98	0.103
Sarcopenia	−1.88±0.79	0.017	−1.87±0.89	0.035	−1.80±0.83	0.031	−1.88±0.89	0.034
Sarcopenic obesity	−2.85±1.38	0.039	−2.63±1.16	0.024	−3.14±1.00	0.002	−3.63±1.01	<0.001
N	295		289		295		289

Notes: Models are adjusted for age and race; Definition 1=lowest two quintiles of SPSM+BMI ≥30 kg/m²; Definition 2=lowest two quintiles of SPSM+highest two quintiles of PBF; Definition 3=lowest two quintile of MM and/or MS+BMI ≥30; Definition 4=lowest two quintile of MM and/or MS+highest two quintile of PBF. MS is average of right and left grip strength. Bold values represent significant differences from the control group.

Abbreviations: MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; BMI, body mass index; SE, standard error; N, number of participants; SPSM, short portable sarcopenia measure; PBF, percent body fat; MM, muscle mass; MS, muscle strength.

Figure 1 Age- and race-adjusted mean global cognition score according to sarcopenic obesity category using definitions 1 and 3.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MM, muscle mass; MS, muscle strength.

Table 3 Sarcopenic obesity in relation to individual cognitive domains (obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m²)

Cognitive domains	Definition 1				Definition 3
	None	Obesity	Sarcopenia	Sarcopenic obesity	None	Obesity	Sarcopenia	Sarcopenic obesity
Executive function	0	−0.52±0.27	−0.76±0.26	−1.22±0.46	0	−0.55±0.27	−0.65±0.28	−1.16±0.35
Language	0	−0.11±0.20	−0.38±0.19	0.47±0.35	0	0.02±0.20	−0.26±0.21	−0.38±0.25
Attention	0	−0.58±0.24	−0.38±0.24	−0.33±0.41	0	−0.71±0.23	−0.26±0.25	−0.83±0.30
Delayed memory	0	−0.11±0.27	−0.30±0.26	−0.68±0.46	0	−0.49±0.26	−0.47±0.28	−0.74±0.33
Orientation	0	−0.29±0.15	−0.36±0.15	−0.59±0.26	0	−0.34±0.15	−0.40±0.15	−0.45±0.19

Notes: Bold values indicate significant difference from the control group; models are adjusted for age and race.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 4 Animal naming across sarcopenic obesity categories when obesity is defined as being in the upper two quintiles of percent body fat

Model term	Definition 2		Definition 4
	Coefficient±SE	p-value	Coefficient±SE	p-value
Intercept	31.72±2.79	<0.001	31.96±2.72	<0.001
Controls	0	–	0	–
Obesity	−1.29±0.98	0.192	−0.75±1.27	0.835
Sarcopenia	−1.61±1.06	0.131	−0.78±1.19	0.511
Sarcopenic obesity	−3.77±1.23	0.003	−3.58±1.32	0.007
N	250		250

Notes: Models are adjusted for age and race. Bold values represent significant differences from the control group.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.