Comparison between selected hormone and protein levels in serum and prostate tissue homogenates in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and metabolic disorders

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison between serum and prostate tissue levels of hormones and proteins in BPH patients

Parameters	Serum concentration				Parameters	Concentration in prostate tissue
	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}$	SD	Min	Max		$\overline{\mathrm{X}}$	SD	Min	Max
DHEAS (μg/mL)	0.58	0.99	0.002	7.89	DHEAS (pg/mg protein)	5.04	3.06	0.81	15.94
E2 (pg/mL)	48.48	26.36	11.00	176.03	E2 (pg/mg protein)	0.02	0.01	0.00	0.06
SHBG (nmol/L)	44.15	17.33	8.19	107.37	SHBG (pmol/mg protein)	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.05
LH (mIU/mL)	8.17	5.70	0.90	38.53	LH (mIU/mg protein)	0.14	0.08	0.02	0.42
TT (ng/mL)	4.30	2.03	0.71	11.15	TT (pg/mg protein)	13.99	12.85	1.86	64.17
TF (pg/mL)	7.49	6.71	0.08	48.62	TF (pg/mg protein)	0.02	0.02	0.0002	0.12
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	85.75	36.18	33.81	361.90	IGF-1 (ng/mg protein)	0.36	0.24	0.02	1.309
I (μIU/mL)	15.83	12.86	0.10	62.88	I (µg/mg protein)	7.20×10^−5	4.40×10^−5	7.00×10^−6	3.14×10^−4

Note: $\overline{\mathrm{X}}$, arithmetic average (Mann–Whitney U-test and Student’s t-test).

Abbreviations: BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; LH, luteinizing hormone; TT, total testosterone; TF, free testosterone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; I, insulin.

Table 2 Comparison between hormone levels in serum and prostate tissue homogenates in BPH patients with and without MetS

Parameters		Patients with BPH and with MetS (n = 53)				Patients with BPH and without MetS (n = 101)				p-value
		$\overline{\mathrm{X}}$	SD	Min	Max	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}$	SD	Min	Max
DHEAS	Serum (μg/mL)	0.61	0.80	0.003	7.89	0.56	0.92	0.002	7.86	0.939
	Tissue (pg/mg protein)	4.99	2.66	1.09	13.30	5.07	3.25	0.81	15.94	0.735
E2	Serum (pg/mL)	46.87	29.79	11.00	176.03	49.33	24.48	11.89	123.56	0.289
	Tissue (pg/mg protein)	1.60×10^−2	1.20×10^−2	3.00×10^−3	5.60×10^−2	1.40×10^−2	9.00×10^−3	2.00×10^−3	4.90×10^−2	0.398
SHBG	Serum (nmol/L)	40.51	15.37	8.19	107.37	46.07	17.29	11.93	103.52	0.016*
	Tissue (pmol/mg protein)	2.50×10^−2	1.00×10^−2	1.10×10^−2	5.30×10^−2	2.20×10^−2	9.00×10^−2	1.00×10^−2	5.00×10^−2	0.106
LH	Serum (mIU/mL)	7.26	4.86	1.11	27.18	8.65	6.06	0.90	38.53	0.181
	Tissue (mIU/mg protein)	0.15	0.08	0.05	0.42	0.14	0.08	0.02	0.42	0.248
TT	Serum (ng/mL)	4.15	2.12	1.23	11.15	4.38	1.99	0.71	10.24	0.279
	Tissue (pg/mg protein)	14.06	12.97	2.32	53.31	13.96	12.86	1.86	64.17	0.855
TF	Serum (pg/mL)	6.82	7.58	0.08	48.62	7.85	6.22	0.20	34.83	0.145
	Tissue (pg/mg protein)	1.90×10^−2	1.90×10^−2	2.00×10^−3	8.70×10^−2	2.00×10^−2	2.30×10^−2	2.00×10^−3	1.16×10^−1	0.777
IGF-1	Serum (ng/mL)	91.27	28.84	39.07	169.90	82.85	39.31	33.81	361.90	0.017*
	Tissue (ng/mg protein)	0.36	0.28	0.04	1.31	0.36	0.22	0.02	1.19	0.608
I	Serum (μIU/mL)	17.48	14.80	0.10	62.88	15.03	11.82	0.10	59.55	0.439
	Tissue (ug/mg protein)	8.02×10^−5	5.32×10^−5	7.10×10^−6	3.14×10^−4	6.92×10^−5	4.09×10^−5	8.70×10^−6	1.86×10^−4	0.142

Note: p, statistical significance; $\overline{\mathrm{X}}$, arithmetic average;

* statistically significant parameter (Mann–Whitney U-test and Student’s t-test).

Abbreviations: BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; LH, luteinizing hormone; TT, total testosterone; TF, free testosterone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; I, insulin.

Table 3 Comparison between the ratios of hormone levels in serum to their levels in prostate tissue homogenates in BPH patients with and without MetS

Parameters		Patients with BPH and with MetS (n = 53)				Patients with BPH and without MetS (n = 101)				p-value
		$\overline{\mathrm{X}}$	SD	Min	Max	$\overline{\mathrm{X}}$	SD	Min	Max
Concentration ratio serum:tissue	DHEAS	0.97	0.88	0.003	3.08	0.59	0.40	0.002	2.95	0.906
	E2	4.12×10^3	4.90×10^3	5.09×10^2	3.13×10^4	4.68×10^3	4.16×10^3	7.85×10^2	2.53×10^4	0.050
	SHBG	1,928.59	9,303.96	3,875.12	4,813.72	2,529.23	1,386.28	3,529.62	6,605.10	0.025*
	LH	69.44	68.34	6.90	380.29	87.18	77.11	5.61	480.62	0.096
	TT	0.49	0.40	0.06	2.25	0.56	0.35	0.02	3.02	0.981
	TF	613.57	643.44	13.30	2,769.71	791.02	907.02	6.85	5,456.04	0.452
	IGF-1	440.70	436.72	55.82	2,357.10	395.38	730.49	64.64	6,621.70	0.202
	I	4.69×10^5	1.37×10^6	3.18×10^2	8.85×10^6	2.89×10^5	2.78×10^5	1.30×10^3	1.29×10^6	0.734

Note: p, statistical significance; $\overline{\mathrm{X}}$, arithmetic average;

* statistically significant parameter (Mann–Whitney U-test and Student’s t-test).

Abbreviations: BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; LH, luteinizing hormone; TT, total testosterone; TF, free testosterone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; I, insulin.

Table 4 Analysis of Pearson’s correlations between the levels of biochemical parameters and hormones in serum and prostate tissue homogenates in BPH patients

Parameters			Age	BMI	WC	TG	TC	HDL	LDL	FPG
DHEAS	Serum	R	−0.030	−0.116	−0.014	0.089	0.114	−0.056	0.108	0.078
		p	0.717	0.152	0.861	0.271	0.161	0.491	0.187	0.338
	Tissue	R	−0.017	0.011	0.112	0.063	−0.036	−0.138	−0.020	0.139
		p	0.844	0.901	0.203	0.472	0.679	0.115	0.823	0.111
E2	Serum	R	−0.071	0.014	0.066	−0.005	−0.077	0.040	−0.096	−0.048
		p	0.384	0.868	0.417	0.954	0.341	0.620	0.242	0.557
	Tissue	R	0.003	0.114	0.198*	0.043	−0.048	−0.106	−0.022	0.088
		p	0.975	0.195	0.023	0.626	0.584	0.226	0.805	0.318
SHBG	Serum	R	0.090	−0.150	−0.202	−0.217	0.065	0.116	0.120	−0.109
		p	0.267	0.065	0.012*	0.007*	0.425	0.153	0.141	0.177
	Tissue	R	−0.059	0.098	0.002	−0.079	−0.187	−0.128	−0.124	0.099
		p	0.505	0.265	0.979	0.371	0.032*	0.144	0.163	0.261
LH	Serum	R	0.167	0.103	−0.053	−0.089	−0.109	0.029	−0.109	0.299
		p	0.040*	0.204	0.517	0.270	0.177	0.717	0.181	0.001*
	Tissue	R	−0.025	0.128	−0.118	−0.127	−0.110	−0.103	−0.029	0.149
		p	0.790	0.176	0.212	0.176	0.241	0.272	0.758	0.112
TT	Serum	R	−0.024	−0.103	−0.048	−0.062	0.113	0.128	0.106	−0.160
		p	0.772	0.204	0.556	0.448	0.164	0.113	0.195	0.047*
	Tissue	R	−0.010	0.002	−0.079	−0.053	−0.091	−0.065	−0.037	−0.032
		p	0.910	0.980	0.372	0.545	0.298	0.456	0.675	0.716
TF	Serum	R	−0.071	−0.097	−0.011	0.148	0.201	0.026	0.131	−0.026
		p	0.386	0.234	0.892	0.067	0.012*	0.750	0.109	0.750
	Tissue	R	−0.026	−0.014	−0.087	0.001	−0.081	−0.102	−0.033	0.004
		p	0.774	0.873	0.333	0.992	0.366	0.254	0.716	0.963
IGF-1	Serum	R	−0.017	0.027	0.047	0.046	0.102	0.004	0.095	−0.026
		p	0.831	0.736	0.566	0.571	0.210	0.964	0.244	0.752
	Tissue	R	−0.089	0.074	−0.013	−0.030	−0.107	−0.107	−0.051	−0.011
		p	0.325	0.416	0.888	0.744	0.237	0.237	0.579	0.903
I	Serum	R	0.292	0.243	0.199	0.209	0.044	−0.068	−0.003	0.214
		p	0.001*	0.006*	0.026*	0.019*	0.623	0.451	0.973	0.016*
	Tissue	R	−0.029	0.008	0.110	0.076	0.117	−0.094	0.145	0.110
		p	0.752	0.935	0.231	0.410	0.203	0.303	0.114	0.229

Note: p, statistical significance; R, correlation coefficient;

* statistically significant parameter (Pearson’s correlations).

Abbreviations: BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; LH, luteinizing hormone; TT, total testosterone; TF, free testosterone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; I, insulin.