Investigating dose–response effects of multimodal exercise programs on health-related quality of life in older adults

Figures & data

Figure 1 CONSORT flow diagram of group selection.

Notes: The flowchart presents selection of groups for the present study. CT represents control group, which did not receive any exercise prescription, Ex1 represents higher-dose group, which exercised for 180 minutes/week, and Ex2A and Ex2B represent lower-dose groups, which exercised for 120 minutes/week. Groups Ex2A and Ex2B were combined to create the lower-dose group. The letters “A” and “B” signify different computer tests administered to these groups; however, the outcomes were not relevant in the present study. Groups ST1 and ST2 were stretching interventions that were not used in the study. Asterisks (*) denote groups that were included in the analysis. Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: Int J Behav Med. Kaushal N, Desjardins-Crépeau L, Langlois F, Bherer L. The effects of multi-component exercise training on cognitive functioning and health-related quality of life in older adults. Copyright 2018.45.

Table 1 Bivariate correlations

Construct	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Baseline. Health		0.69**	0.52**	0.47**	0.32**	0.33**	0.05
2. Baseline. Capacity			0.47**	0.53**	0.55**	0.13	0.10
3. Baseline. Leisure				0.34*	0.23*	0.38**	0.01
4. Follow-up. Health					0.57*	0.61**	−0.02
5. Follow-up. Capacity						0.44**	0.16
6. Follow-up. Leisure							−0.03
7. Frailty

Notes: Variables from 1 to 6 denote components of health-related quality of life.

* P<0.05 and

** P<0.01.

Table 2 Results of multiple linear regression models

Independent variable/model	Dependent variable	β	SE	t	P-value
Group (high vs control)	HR-QOL health	0.25	0.93	2.10	0.039
	HR-QOL capacity	0.29	0.22	2.55	0.013
	HR-QOL leisure	0.34	0.18	2.96	0.004
	HR-QOL total	0.44	0.38	4.05	0.000
Group (low vs control)	HR-QOL health	0.21	0.22	1.80	0.077
	HR-QOL capacity	0.14	0.12	1.23	0.265
	HR-QOL leisure	0.11	0.09	0.90	0.371
	HR-QOL total	0.23	0.44	1.93	0.058
Interactiona	HR-QOL capacity
Group (high vs control)		0.53	0.37	2.61	0.014
Frailty		0.07	0.31	0.42	0.678
Group × frailty		0.61	0.59	2.18	0.037

Notes: β is the standardized beta coefficient.

a R=0.43, F (1, 33)=4.74, P=0.037.

Abbreviations: HR-QOL, health-related quality of life; SE, standard error.

Figure 2 Relationship between exercise dose and change in HR-QOL.

Note: Effect size changes of HR-QOL outcomes when each exercise dose was compared with the control group.

Abbreviation: HR-QOL, health-related quality of life.

Figure 3 Exercise dose and frailty interaction.

Note: Group (higher dose vs control) interacts with frailty to predict change in capacity HR-QOL.
Abbreviation: HR-QOL, health-related quality of life.