The Co-Occurrence Of Frailty (Accumulation Of Functional Deficits) And Depressive Symptoms, And Its Effect On Mortality In Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study

Figures & data

Table 1 The Mean And Standard Deviation Of Each Dimension Of Accumulation Deficits At Baseline By Sex (Number In Parentheses Is The Highest Score)

Baseline Demographics (year 1989)	Men (N = 1916)		Women (N = 1436)
	Mean (n)	SD	Mean (n)	SD
Age (years)	68.18	6.31	69.45	6.67	*
Educated, N (%)	1461	(76.7%)	424	(22.5%)	*
Original score at baseline
Overall frailty score (66)	18.74	6.25	21.95	7.18	*
Disease status (10)	0.95	1.22	1.39	1.49	*
Sensory dysfunction (3)	0.57	0.78	0.84	0.87	*
Walking balance (1)	0.10	0.30	0.15	0.35	*
Function limitations (36)	12.99	3.78	15.35	4.06	*
Health risk behaviors (3)	0.95	0.84	0.16	0.46	*
Self-perceived health (2) and dissatisfaction with life (10)	3.30	2.83	4.24	3.12	*
Depression (CES-D, 10)	1.82	1.86	2.58	2.28	*
Standardized score (total = 100)
Overall frailty score	32.15	10.71	37.58	12.65	*
Disease status	9.07	11.86	13.33	14.65	*
Sensory dysfunction	16.78	24.15	26.02	27.27	*
Walking balance	7.92	27.02	12.66	33.27	*
Function limitations	44.89	11.78	53.11	13.72	*
Health risk behaviors	32.45	27.55	5.18	15.15	*
Self-perceived health and dissatisfaction with life	27.5	23.53	34.72	25.85	*
Depressive symptoms (CES-D)	18.01	18.59	24.86	22.24	*

Note: *Statistically different between men and women (p<0.05).

Table 2 The Mean And Standard Deviation Of Each Dimension Of Accumulation Deficits At Baseline By Survivorship At The End Of The Study (Number In Parentheses Is The Highest Score)

Baseline Demographics (year 1989)	Survived (N = 1042)		Dead (N = 2310)
	Mean (n)	SD	Mean (n)	SD
Age (years)	65.38	4.01	70.23	6.83	*
Educated, N (%)	647	(62.5%)	1238	(53.8%)	*
Original score at baseline
Overall frailty score (66)	17.71	5.40	21.20	7.16	*
Disease status (10)	0.91	1.18	1.25	1.42	*
Sensory dysfunction (3)	0.47	0.68	0.78	0.88	*
Walking balance (1)	0.04	0.18	0.16	0.37	*
Function limitations (36)	12.50	2.80	14.68	4.36	*
Health risk behaviors (3)	0.54	0.76	0.64	0.82	*
Self-perceived health (2) and dissatisfaction with life (10)	3.29	2.83	3.89	3.05	*
Depression (CES-D, 10)	1.89	1.94	2.27	2.13	*
Standardized score (total = 100)
Overall frailty score	31.08	9.47	37.19	12.56	*
Disease status	9.06	11.81	12.48	14.19	*
Sensory dysfunction	15.72	22.58	25.95	29.22	*
Walking balance	3.51	18.40	15.83	36.51	*
Function limitations	44.65	9.98	52.42	15.58	*
Health risk behaviors	18.07	25.40	21.34	27.28	*
Self-perceived health and dissatisfaction with life	27.38	23.61	32.44	25.40	*
Depressive symptom (CES-D)	18.86	19.44	22.66	21.34	*

Note: *Statistically different between men and women (p<0.05).

Table 3 The 5-Year Transition Probability Between States Of Frailty With Or Without Depressive Symptoms For All Individuals And By Sex

TO FROM	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Overall
1	0.391	0.043	0.211	0.047	0.070	0.151	0.086
2	0.226	0.119	0.156	0.070	0.064	0.183	0.183
3	0.195	0.029	0.204	0.041	0.103	0.250	0.179
4	0136	0.018	0.186	0.126	0.093	0.243	0.197
5	0.063	0.019	0.087	0.046	0.137	0.364	0.283
6	0.039	0.011	0.065	0.043	0.093	0.383	0.365
Men
1	0.436	0.050	0.173	0.052	0.086	0.104	0.100
2	0.258	0.156	0.124	0.102	0.061	0.107	0.192
3	0.284	0.030	0.161	0.054	0.116	0.163	0.192
4	0.174	0.031	0.138	0.178	0.069	0.165	0.246
5	0.087	0.012	0.064	0.038	0.150	0.270	0.379
6	0.056	0.008	0.039	0.036	0.052	0.326	0.483
Women
1	0.355	0.047	0.236	0.068	0.073	0.135	0.086
2	0.214	0.276	0.107	0.074	0.068	0.124	0.137
3	0.172	0.030	0.243	0.085	0.107	0.229	0.144
4	0.111	0.027	0.138	0.167	0.095	0.245	0.218
5	0.067	0.020	0.096	0.072	0.166	0.361	0.217
6	0.047	0.022	0.064	0.064	0.116	0.391	0.296

Notes: 1: Robust without depressive symptom; 2: Robust with depressive symptom; 3: Pre-frail without depressive symptom; 4: Pre-frail with depressive symptom; 5: Frail without depressive symptom; 6: Frail with depressive symptom; and 7: Death.

Table 4 The 20-Year Transition Probability Between States Of Frailty With Or Without Depressive Symptoms For All Individuals And By Sex

TO FROM	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Overall
1	0.101	0.016	0.083	0.030	0.055	0.166	0.550
2	0.083	0.014	0.070	0.026	0.047	0.143	0.617
3	0.077	0.013	0.066	0.025	0.045	0.140	0.635
4	0.073	0.012	0.063	0.023	0.044	0.136	0.649
5	0.054	0.009	0.048	0.019	0.036	0.113	0.721
6	0.045	0.008	0.041	0.016	0.031	0.098	0.762
Men
1	0.136	0.020	0.066	0.032	0.059	0.105	0.594
2	0.117	0.017	0.057	0.028	0.041	0.091	0.649
3	0.108	0.016	0.053	0.026	0.039	0.088	0.670
4	0.097	0.014	0.047	0.024	0.035	0.081	0.702
5	0.060	0.009	0.030	0.016	0.02	0.058	0.804
6	0.045	0.007	0.023	0.012	0.018	0.046	0.850
Women
1	0.097	0.027	0.094	0.049	0.067	0.173	0.494
2	0.093	0.029	0.088	0.047	0.063	0.159	0.522
3	0.080	0.023	0.079	0.044	0.060	0.157	0.557
4	0.069	0.020	0.069	0.039	0.054	0.141	0.608
5	0.063	0.019	0.063	0.037	0.052	0.138	0.629
6	0.055	0.016	0.056	0.032	0.046	0.122	0.674

Notes: 1: Robust without depressive symptom; 2: Robust with depressive symptom; 3: Pre-frail without depressive symptom; 4: Pre-frail with depressive symptom; 5: Frail without depressive symptom; 6: Frail with depressive symptom; and 7: Death.

Figure 1 Twenty-year survival probability of 3 frailty states (defined by accumulation deficits) with (dashed line) or without depressive symptoms (solid line) for males and females.

Figure 2 Relationship between baseline age, previous accumulation deficits, depressive scores, and current depressive score by males and females.

Figure 3 Relationship between baseline age, previous accumulation deficits, depressive scores, and current accumulation deficits by males and females.