Effects of interval training on quality of life and cardiometabolic risk markers in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow chart previously provided as supporting online information in Ballin et al 2019.²⁷

Table 1 Changes in outcomes during the 10-week study period

	Within-group changes						Between-group changes
	Intervention n=36		P	Control n=36		P	Intervention n=36	Control n=36	P
	Baseline	10 Weeks		Baseline	10 Weeks		Mean change	Mean change
HRQoL (SF-36 raw scores)
Mental
Social functioning	94.4±14.0	95.7±13.0	0.4	97.1±8.7	94.8±12.6	0.5	1.3±9.6	−2.3±16.0	0.4
Emotional role limitations	90.7±26.0	89.8±29.6	0.8	95.8±14.0	85.4±33.8	0.10	−0.9±24.5	−10.4±35.4	0.3
Vitality	73.9±17.5	79.0±15.7	0.006	78.0±13.3	76.4±16.8	0.6	5.1±10.3	−1.6±10.0	0.015*
Mental health	80.6±18.1	83.9±15.8	0.085	85.9±9.3	81.6±10.5	0.011	3.3±11.0	−4.3±8.1	0.007
Component summary	84.9±16.6	87.1±16.7	0.081	89.1±7.4	84.6±16.5	0.15	2.2±10.9	−4.6±13.5	0.040
Physical
Physical functioning	85.7±10.8	89.2±11.0	0.036*	88.1±10.5	86.4±14.1	0.5	3.5±10.9	−1.7±9.9	0.072
Physical role limitations	85.4±28.9	90.3±26.3	0.4	89.1±24.5	86.7±31.7	0.7	4.9±39.1	−2.3±39.3	0.6
Bodily pain	70.2±22.9	71.1±25.6	0.8	74.9±20.6	72.6±23.5	0.7	0.9±21.2	−2.3±20.5	0.7
General health	74.5±16.1	78.6±18.3	0.081	78.1±12.3	77.6±12.6	0.6	4.1±11.1	−0.5±9.2	0.2
Component summary	79.0±15.3	82.3±16.8	0.071	82.6±12.4	80.8±17.0	0.6	3.3±17.6	−1.7±14.8	0.4
Blood pressure and HR
SBP (mmHg)	143±14	136±14	<0.001	136±15	131±13	0.03	−7.3±11.8	−5.1±13.4	0.8
DBP (mmHg)	84±7	80±9	<0.001	83±7	81±7	0.065	−4.2±6.8	−2.1±6.6	0.2
Resting HR (bpm)	66±11	64±10	0.18	66±6	67±8	0.13	−2.1±9.3	1.8±7.1	0.045
Blood lipids (mmol/l)
TC	5.18±1.25	4.93±1.17	0.006	4.85±0.79	5.00±0.92	0.18	−0.25±0.51	0.15±0.66	0.012
HDL	1.40±0.42	1.39±0.36	0.7	1.50±0.43	1.53±0.39	0.2	−0.01±0.18	0.03±0.16	0.079
LDL	3.08±1.09	2.89±0.99	0.010	2.57±0.82	2.74±0.89	0.075	−0.18±0.40	0.16±0.51	0.014
TG	1.55±0.45	1.47±0.42	0.3	1.77±0.89	1.54±0.48	0.055	−0.08±0.42	−0.24±0.72	0.9

Notes: Data are presented as group means ± SD. *Not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction.

Abbreviations: HRQoL, health-related quality of life; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; BPM, beats per minute.

Figure 2 Mean changes and 95% confidence intervals for SF-36 raw scores across all subscales and component summaries from baseline to follow-up for the intervention group compared to the control group. P-values are derived from ANCOVA on mean change from baseline to follow-up adjusted for baseline values.

Abbreviations: BP, bodily pain; CI, confidence interval; GH, general health; MCS, mental component summary; MH, mental health; PCS, physical component summary; PF, physical functioning; RE, emotional role functioning; RF, physical role functioning; SF, social functioning; VT, vitality.

Figure 3 Mean percentage changes in cardiometabolic risk markers in the study groups following the 10-week intervention period. Error bars represent standard errors of the mean. P-values are derived from ANCOVAs on mean change from baseline to follow-up in percent adjusted for baseline values.

Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Ballin M, Lundberg E, Sorlen N, Nordstrom P, Hult A, Nordstrom A. Effects of interval training on visceral adipose tissue in centrally obese 70-year-old individuals: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67:1625–1631. doi:10.1111/jgs.15919

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