Lifestyle Aspects As A Predictor Of Pain Among Oldest-Old Primary Care Patients – A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptives Of The Sample At FU3 (Mean Age 83 Years)

Variable	N	(%)	Mean (SD)
Participants	736	(100)
Gender			–
Male	239	(32.5)
Female	497	(67.5)
Education			–
Low	407	(55.3)
Medium	225	(30.6)
High	104	(14.1)
Marital status			–
Single	50	(6.8)
Married	271	(36.8)
Divorced	37	(5.0)
Widowed	376	(51.2)
Body mass index	–	–	26.12 (4.46)
Smoker			–
Never	411	(55.8)
Ex-Smoker	288	(39.1)
Smoker	37	(5.0)
Alcohol intake			-
None	321	(43.7)
<1 drink a day	223	(30.4)
1–2 drinks a day	101	(13.8)
≥2 drinks a day	89	(12.1)
Physical activities			-
None per week	30	(4.1)
1 per week	195	(26.7)
2 per week	273	(37.4)
3 per week	179	(24.5)
4+ per week	53	(7.3)
Depressive symptoms	-	-	1.99 (2.05)
Comorbidities			-
Coronary artery disease	203	(29.8)
Peripheral arterial disease	54	(7.9)
Chronic back pain	291	(42.8)
Osteoarthritis	374	(54.9)
Gout	125	(18.3)

Note: Data are presented as number (%).

Table 2 Results Of The Linear Regression Model For Pain Rating Scale (PRS, Scores 0–100) In Model 1 And For The Ordinal Logistic Regression For Impairment Of Daily Living Due To Pain (IDLP, Scores 1–5) In Model 2 At FU7 (Mean Age 88.8 Years)

Variable	PRS	Model 1				IDLP	Model 2
	Mean (SD)	Coeff.	95% CI	p		Mean (SD)	OR	95% CI	p
Participants	26.16 (26.69)	–	–	–		2.31 (1.20)	–	–	–
Gender
Male	20.17	–	–	–		2.05	–	–	–
Female	29.04	6.00	0.16 to 11.83	0.04		2.44	1.30	0.84 to 2.01	0.23
Education
Low	28.47	–	–	-		2.39	-	-	-
Medium	23.03	−5.05	−9.48 to −0.62	0.03		2.24	0.90	0.65 to 1.24	0.50
High	23.89	1.95	−4.08 to 7.99	0.53		2.17	1.10	0.72 to 1.71	0.65
Age	-	−0.64	−1.32 to 0.04	0.07		-	0.96	0.92 to 1.01	0.13
Marital status
Single	34.50	-	-	-		2.62	-	-	-
Married	21.35	−4.31	−13.14 to 4.52	0.34		2.08	0.77	0.40 to 1.46	0.42
Divorced	31.19	5.43	−6.11 to 16.97	0.36		2.28	0.84	0.67 to 1.91	0.67
Widowed	26.82	−2.03	−10.15 to 6.09	0.62		2.37	0.99	0.55 to 1.79	0.97
Body mass index	-	0.57	0.11 to 1.03	0.02			1.03	1.00 to 1.07	0.06
Smoker
Never	28.94	-	-	-		2.42	-	-	-
Ex-Smoker	22.11	−5.23	−9.90 to −0.63	0.03		2.18	0.90	0.64 to 1.26	0.54
Smoker	26.76	−7.58	−17.18 to 2.03	0.12		2.16	0.66	0.34 to 1.28	0.22
Alcohol intake
None	27.96	-	-	-		2.48	-	-	-
<1 drink a day	26.03	1.62	−3.12 to 6.39	0.50		2.25	0.90	0.64 to 1.27	0.56
1–2 drinks a day	24.60	2.27	−3.92 to 8.47	0.47		2.21	0.90	0.57 to 1.42	0.65
≥2 drinks a day	23.30	2.76	−4.51 to 10.04	0.46		2.09	0.83	0.49 to 1.41	0.50
Physical activities
None per week	23.93 (24.66)	-	-	-		2.10 (1.06)	-	-	-
1 per week	29.04 (28.98)	4.98	−5.18 to 15.13	0.34		2.55 (1.33)	1.94	0.92 to 4.01	0.08
2 per week	24.94 (25.61)	1.24	−8.83 to 11.31	0.81		2.25 (1.17)	1.43	0.68 to 3.00	0.34
3 per week	25.98 (26.59)	4.60	−5.82 to 15.02	0.39		2.27 (1.13)	1.68	0.79 to 3.58	0.18
4+ per week	23.30 (24.26)	5.07	−6.99 to 17.12	0.41		2.08 (1.05)	1.41	0.59 to 3.37	0.45
Depressive symptoms	-	0.72	−0.30 to 1.74	0.17		-	1.10	1.02 to 1.18	0.02
Comorbidities
Coronary artery disease (no)	24.08	-	-	-		2.21	-	-	-
Coronary artery disease (yes)	26.51	2.25	−2.18 to 6.68	0.32		2.39	1.02	0.74 to 1.40	0.92
Peripheral arterial disease (no)	24.16	-	-	-		2.26	-	-	-
Peripheral arterial disease (yes)	31.94	13.51	5.95 to 21.06	0.00		2.39	1.24	0.70 to 2.20	0.46
Chronic back pain (no)	18.51	-	-	-		1.94	-	-	-
Chronic back pain (yes)	32.30	6.64	2.32 to 10.97	0.00		2.66	2.03	1.48 to 2.79	0.00
Osteoarthritis (no)	19.40	-	-	-		1.99	-	-	-
Osteoarthritis (yes)	27.92	4.17	−0.17 to 8.52	0.06		2.42	1.49	1.09 to 2.04	0.01
Gout (no)	24.30	-	-	-		2.24	-	-	-
Gout (yes)	27.40	0.35	−4.78 to 5.50	0.89		2.42	1.06	0.72 to 1.54	0.78

Notes: Alpha was set to 0.05; bold values indicate significance.