Risk Factors For Hyperuricemia In Chinese Centenarians And Near-Centenarians

Figures & data

Figure 1 Diagram of the study population.

Table 1 Participant Recruitment In CHCCS

	Centenarians	Near-Centenarians	Total
Age inclusion criteria	Over 100 years old	80~100 years old	—–
Recruited	1021	803	1824
Men: N (%)	182 (17.83%)	326 (40.60%)	508 (27.85%)
Women: N (%)	839 (82.17%)	477 (59.40%)	1316 (72.15%)
Both basic information and blood biochemical indexes are available	966	788	1754
Hyperuricemia (%)	273 (28.26%)	236 (29.95%)	509 (29.02%)
Normouricemia (%)	693 (71.74%)	552 (70.05%)	1245 (70.98%)
Men: N (%)	175	316	491
Hyperuricemia (%)	57 (32.57%)	108 (34.18%)	165 (33.60%)
Normouricemia (%)	118 (67.43%)	208 (65.82%)	326 (66.40%)
Women: N (%)	791	472	1263
Hyperuricemia (%)	216 (27.31%)	128 (27.12%)	344 (27.24%)
Normouricemia (%)	575 (72.69%)	344 (72.88%)	919 (72.76%)

Abbreviation: CHCCS, The China Hainan Centenarian Cohort Study.

Table 2 Baseline Characteristics Of Participants By Serum Uric Acid Levels

	Total (n=1754)	Hyperuricemia (n=509)	Normouricemia (n=1245)	P-value
Age (years)	100 (85, 102)	100 (85, 102)	100 (85, 102)	0.438
Men (%)	491 (28.0)	165 (32.4)	326 (26.2)	0.008**
Ethnic Han (%)	1554 (88.6)	445 (87.4)	1109 (89.1)	0.324
Heart rate (bpm)	76 (70, 85)	76 (69, 84)	76 (70, 86)	0.236
BMI (kg/m2)	18.2 (15.9, 20.3)	18.4 (16.3, 20.7)	18.1 (15.9, 20.3)	0.134
WC (cm)	76.0 (70.0, 83.0)	78.0 (72.3, 85.0)	76.0 (70.0, 82.0)	<0.001***
Waist-hip ratio	0.88 (0.84, 0.93)	0.89 (0.85, 0.93)	0.88 (0.84, 0.92)	0.010*
SBP (mmHg)	148 (132, 168)	149 (133, 170)	148 (132, 167)	0.346
DBP (mmHg)	76 (69, 85)	76 (68, 84)	76 (69, 85)	0.231
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	59.8 (47.6, 71.5)	49.2±16.6	64.2 (52.9, 73.7)	<0.001***

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 3 Blood Test Indexes Of Participants By Serum Uric Acid Levels

	Total(n=1754)	Hyperuricemia (n=509)	Normouricemia (n=1245)	P-value
RBC (10^12/L)	4.2 (3.8, 4.6)	4.2 (3.7, 4.7)	4.2 (3.8, 4.5)	0.828
MCV (fl)	120.0 (109.0, 131.0)	119.0 (106.0, 133.0)	120.0 (110.0, 130.0)	0.994
Hemoglobin (g/L)	92.9 (87.8, 96.5)	92.8 (88.0, 96.6)	92.9 (87.6, 96.4)	0.655
Total protein (g/dL)	70.3 (66.2, 74.2)	70.9 (67.0, 75.0)	70.0 (65.7, 73.9)	0.001**
Albumin (g/dL)	40.5 (37.5, 42.9)	40.8 (37.8, 43.1)	40.4 (37.4, 42.8)	0.078
FPG (mmol/L)	4.6 (4.0, 5.5)	4.7 (3.9, 5.7)	4.6 (4.0, 5.5)	0.707
ALT (U/L)	10.6 (8.1, 14.2)	11.0 (8.3, 15.6)	10.4 (8.0, 13.7)	0.001**
AST (U/L)	21.3 (18.3, 25.3)	22.0 (18.5, 26.0)	21.1 (18.3, 25.0)	0.048*
TC (mmol/L)	4.7 (4.2, 5.5)	4.7 (4.2, 5.6)	4.7 (4.2, 5.4)	0.592
TG (mmol/L)	1.1 (0.8, 1.4)	1.2 (0.9, 1.6)	1.0 (0.8, 1.4)	<0.001***
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.4 (1.1, 1.7)	1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 (1.2, 1.7)	<0.001***
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.8 (2.3, 3.4)	2.9 (2.4, 3.5)	2.8 (2.3, 3.4)	0.158
Serum HCY (µmol/L)	23.1 (18.5, 28.5)	25.9 (21.3, 32.1)	22.1 (17.8, 27.2)	<0.001***
SUA (µmol/L)	326.0 (266.0, 393.0)	439.0 (395.5, 484.0)	394.0 (247.0, 333.0)	<0.001***
Serum urea (mmol/L)	5.7 (4.5, 7.0)	6.6 (5.2, 8.4)	5.3 (4.3, 6.5)	<0.001***
Scr (µmol/L)	79.0 (65.0, 98.0)	96.0 (78.0, 118.0)	74.0 (62.0, 90.0)	<0.001***

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: RBC, red blood cells; MCV, Mean corpuscular volume; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; TC, Total cholesterol; TG, Triglycerides; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HCY, homocysteine; SUA, Serum uric acid; Scr, Serum creatinine.

Table 4 Lifestyle Characteristics And Dietary Habits Of The Participants By Serum Uric Acid Levels

	Total (n=1754)	Hyperuricemia (n=509)	Normouricemia (n=1245)	P-value
Active smoking (%)				0.092
Current	2.5	3.6	2.1
Former	7.9	6.6	8.5
Never	89.5	89.8	89.5
Passive smoking (%)				0.049*
Yes	27.3	30.5	25.8
No	72.7	69.5	74.2
Alcohol drinking (%)				<0.001***
Frequent	13.2	18.5	11.1
Occasional/never	86.8	81.5	88.9
Stay up late (%)				0.076
Yes	19.4	16.8	20.5
No	80.6	83.2	79.5
Snoring (%)				<0.001***
Yes	22.4	31.3	18.8
No	77.6	68.7	81.2
Regular noon break (%)				0.626
Yes	83.0	82.3	83.3
No	17.0	17.7	16.7
Drinking habits (%)				0.126
Tea	1.8	2.6	1.5
Coffee	1.4	0.8	1.7
Other	96.7	96.6	96.8
Regular diet (%)				0.342
Yes	94.7	93.9	95.0
No	5.3	6.1	5.0
Eating habits (%)				0.375
Half full	63.2	61.6	63.8
Full	36.8	38.4	36.2
Salt flavor preference (%)				0.516
Yes	13.6	14.5	13.3
No	86.4	85.5	86.7
Sweet flavor preference (%)				0.134
Yes	61.0	63.8	59.9
No	39.0	36.2	40.1
Fried flavor preference (%)				0.018*
Yes	2.7	4.2	2.1
No	97.3	95.8	97.9
Spicy flavor preference (%)				0.419
Yes	2.9	3.4	2.7
No	97.1	96.6	97.3
Meat consumption (%)				0.006**
Frequent	59.1	64.2	57.1
Occasional/never	40.9	35.8	42.9
Seafood consumption (%)				<0.001***
Frequent	60.0	69.0	56.3
Occasional/never	40.0	31.0	43.7
Vegetable consumption (%)				0.006**
Frequent	90.4	87.3	91.6
Occasional/never	9.6	12.7	8.4
Fruit consumption (%)				0.080
Frequent	39.3	36.1	40.6
Occasional/never	60.7	63.9	59.4

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Table 5 Significant Factors Affecting Hyperuricemia Identified By Logistic Regression Analysis

Variables	β	SE	Wald	OR	95% CI	P-value
WC (cm)	0.02	0.007	7.319	1.020	1.006–1.035	0.007**
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	−0.041	0.011	14.234	0.960	0.940–0.981	<0.001***
Total protein (g/dL)	0.037	0.012	9.938	1.038	1.014–1.062	0.002**
Serum urea (mmol/L)	0.143	0.034	17.599	1.154	1.079–1.234	<0.001***
Passive smoking	0.951	0.174	29.878	2.589	1.841–3.642	<0.001***
Snoring	0.695	0.205	11.444	2.003	1.339–2.995	0.001**
Meat consumption	0.919	0.184	24.819	2.506	1.746–3.598	<0.001***
Seafood consumption	0.352	0.154	5.256	1.422	1.052–1.922	0.022*
Vegetable consumption	−0.653	0.25	6.801	0.521	0.319–0.850	0.009**

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: WC, Waist circumference; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; β, logistic regression coefficient; SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.