Association Between Glucose Metabolism And Vascular Aging In Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis In The Tianning Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics Of Study Participants

Characteristics	Prevalent Diabetes		P-value
	Without	With
No. of participants	4563	579
Age, years	49.4±15.4	63.3±11.5	<0.001
Sex, men (%)	1839 (40.30)	294 (50.78)	<0.001
Cigarette smoking, n (%)
Current smoking	897 (19.66)	132 (22.80)	0.075
Past smoking	217 (4.76)	59 (10.19)	<0.001
Never smoking	3449 (75.59)	388 (67.01)	<0.001
Current drinking, n (%)	847 (18.56)	111 (19.17)	0.723
Hypertension history, n (%)	1295 (28.38)	350 (60.45)	<0.001
CVD, n (%)	189 (4.14)	74 (12.78)	<0.001
Education level, years	10.89±3.92	9.37±3.57	<0.001
Body mass index, kg/m^2	23.96±3.69	24.89±3.32	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	123.2±16.5	132.3±17.0	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	79.6±10.4	77.5±9.9	0.018
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.80±0.93	4.84±1.03	0.264
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.73±1.24	2.05±1.25	<0.001
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	2.76±0.79	2.71±0.83	0.290
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.23±0.31	1.13±0.30	<0.001
Pulse pressure, mmHg	46.6 ±11.8	54.7 ±14.5	<0.001
cfPWV, m/s, median (IQR)	6.7 (5.3–8.7)	7.4 (5.3–9.2)	0.003
PSQI score	3.6±3.1	4.2±3.6	<0.001
Physical activity, MET-minutes/week	5222.9±8066.8	5018.9±8182.4	0.686
Sedentary behavior, minutes/day	364.9±216.0	348.6±232.0	0.010

Notes: Results were expressed with mean±SD unless otherwise noted.

Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; IQR, interquartile range; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleeps quality index.

Table 2 Multivariate *Adjusted Associations Of Fasting Glucose With Vascular Aging

Fasting Glucose (mmol/L)	PP≥54 mmHg			cfPWV≥8.84 m/s			PP≥54 mmHg And/Or cfPWV≥8.84 m/s
	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Per unit	1282 (24.93)	1.06 (1.00–1.12)	0.048	1291 (25.11)	1.05 (1.01–1.10)	0.022	2203 (42.84)	1.08 (1.03–1.13)	0.002
Quintiles
FPG<4.3	113 (13.26)	1.00 (ref)		182 (21.36)	1.00 (ref)		265 (31.10)	1.00 (ref)
4.3≤FPG<4.6	158 (16.31)	1.08 (0.76–1.54)	0.679	226 (23.32)	1.08 (0.86–1.36)	0.498	343 (35.40)	1.08 (0.87–1.34)	0.498
4.6≤FPG<4.9	224 (20.42)	1.16 (0.83–1.63)	0.378	240 (21.88)	1.00 (0.80–1.24)	0.966	405 (36.92)	1.02 (0.82–1.26)	0.863
4.9≤FPG<5.5	330 (28.37)	1.28 (0.92–1.77)	0.142	343 (29.49)	1.47 (1.18–1.83)	<0.001	577 (49.61)	1.51 (1.23–1.87)	<0.001
5.5≤FPG	457 (43.07)	1.49 (1.08–2.06)	0.016	300 (28.28)	1.31 (1.04–1.65)	0.023	613 (57.78)	1.45 (1.16–1.82)	0.001

Notes: *Adjust for age, sex, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure.

Abbreviations: PP, pulse pressure; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.

Figure 1 An illustration of the median levels of cfPWV and PP according to quintiles of fasting glucose and HbA1c. β indicates the median increase in cfPWV and PP associated with the increasing quintiles of fasting glucose and HbA1c, independent of age, sex, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure.

Table 3 Multivariate * Adjusted Associations Of HbA1c With Vascular Aging

HbA1c (%)	PP≥54 mmHg			cfPWV≥8.84 m/s			PP≥54 mmHg And/Or cfPWV≥8.84 m/s
	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Per unit	1282 (24.93)	1.10 (1.02–1.18)	0.012	1291 (25.11)	1.06 (1.00–1.12)	0.044	2203 (42.84)	1.12 (1.00–1.11)	0.042
Quintiles
HbA1c<5.1	120 (12.64)	1.00 (ref)		205 (21.60)	1.00 (ref)		298 (31.40)	1.00 (ref)
5.1≤HbA1c<5.3	139 (15.98)	1.30 (0.90–1.87)	0.165	199 (22.87)	1.03 (0.82–1.29)	0.808	303 (34.83)	1.04 (0.84–1.30)	0.723
5.3≤HbA1c<5.6	248 (20.31)	1.09 (0.77–1.52)	0.635	320 (26.21)	1.23 (1.00–1.51)	0.056	500 (40.95)	1.12 (0.92–1.38)	0.262
5.6≤HbA1c<6.0	323 (30.16)	1.35 (0.96–1.88)	0.082	278 (25.96)	1.16 (0.93–1.46)	0.183	512 (47.81)	1.15 (0.93–1.43)	0.207
6.0≤HbA1c	452 (43.84)	1.52 (1.08–2.13)	0.015	289 (28.03)	1.25 (0.99–1.58)	0.065	590 (57.23)	1.25 (0.99–1.57)	0.056

Notes: *Adjust for age, sex, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure.

Abbreviations: PP, pulse pressure; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.

Table 4 Multivariate *Adjusted Associations Between Diabetic Status And Vascular Aging

Diabetic Statuses	PP≥54 mmHg			cfPWV≥8.84 m/s			PP≥54 mmHg And/Or cfPWV≥8.84 m/s
	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Normal	584 (17.58)	1.00 (ref)		799 (24.09)	1.00 (ref)		1232 (37.11)	1.00 (ref)
Prediabetes	348 (33.37)	1.10 (0.88–1.37)	0.419	271 (25.98)	1.03 (0.86–1.22)	0.765	514 (49.28)	0.98 (0.83–1.16)	0.851
Diabetes	351 (44.88)	1.35 (1.06–1.72)	0.014	221 (28.26)	1.08 (0.89–1.31)	0.441	458 (58.57)	1.19 (0.98–1.44)	0.080

Notes: *Adjust for age, sex, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure.

Abbreviations: PP, pulse pressure; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.

Data Availability

The data are available on request from the corresponding author at [email protected].