The Favorable Effects of a High-Intensity Resistance Training on Sarcopenia in Older Community-Dwelling Men with Osteosarcopenia: The Randomized Controlled FrOST Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participants’ flow through the study.

Abbreviations: DSM-BIA, direct-segmental multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; HI-RT, high-intensity resistance training; CG, control group; FU, follow-up; ITT, intention to treat.

Figure 2 Exercise protocol.

Abbreviations: reps, repetitions; con, concentric; iso, isometric; ecc, eccentric; nRM, non-repetition maximum; RM, one-repetition maximum.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Participants of the CG and HI-RT Group

Variable	CG (n=22)	HI-RT (n=21)	p
Age [years]	79.2 ± 4.7	77.8 ± 3.6	0.262
Body height [cm]	169.2 ± 5.5	172.8 ± 5.2	0.039
Body mass [kg] ^a	70.2 ± 7.1	74.7 ± 10.1	0.113
Soft lean body mass [kg] ^a	46.9 ± 3.4	48.4 ± 3.3	0.164
Total body fat rate [%]	28.6 ± 5.8	30.5 ± 6.8	0.330
Number of diseases [n] ^b	2.14 ± 0.92	2.00 ± 1.11	0.656
Hip or knee arthrosis [n]	2	2	0.959
Chronic low back pain [n]	4	3	0.731
Physical activity [Index] ^c	4.15 ± 1.53	4.45 ± 1.32	0.490
Exercisers [n]	13	11	0.654
Training volume [min/week]	59 ± 56	46 ± 52	0.780
25 OHD baseline [ng/mL]	21.6 ± 8.4	17.5 ± 7.0	0.126
Energy intake [kcal/d] ^d	2291 ± 590	2155 ± 416	0.407
Protein intake [g/d]^d	89.3 ± 25.9	81.6 ± 19.9	0.299
Independence grade [Index]^e	1.68 ± 0.82	1.80 ± 0.80	0.791
Smokers [n]	4	3	0.959

Notes: ^aAs determined by DSM-BIA (InBody 770, Seoul, Korea). ^bUsing the ICD-10-based disease cluster of Schäfer et al.⁵⁷ cScale from (1) very low to (7) very high.⁵⁴ dAs determined by a 4-day dietary record. ^eRating scale from 1 (no help from others to conduct my daily life at all) to 7 (unable to conduct most challenges of daily life).

Abbreviations: DSM-BIA, direct-segmental multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis; HI-RT, high-intensity resistance training; CG, control group.

Table 2 Baseline Data and Changes in the Sarcopenia Z-Score in the GC and HI-RT and Corresponding Between-Group Differences

	CG MV±SD	HI-RT MV±SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-Value
Sarcopenia Z-score [Index]
Baseline	−0.11 ± 1.18	−0.09 ± 1.94	–	0.981
Six-month follow-up	0.43 ± 0.74*	−1.01 ± 0.78***	1.44 (0.95 to 1.92)	<0.001

Notes: *P<0.05; ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: HI-RT, high-intensity resistance training; CG, control group; MV, mean value; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Baseline Data and Changes in the Sarcopenia Criteria in the Control Group (CG) and High-Intensity Resistance Training Group (HI-RT) and Corresponding Between-Group Differences

	CG MV ± SD	HI-RT MV ± SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-Value
Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (SMI) [kg/m^2]
Baseline	7.10 ± 0.30	7.07 ± 0.33	–	0.681
Changes	−0.03 ± 0.21	0.30 ± 0.22***	0.33 (0.19 to 0.46)	<0.001
Habitual gait velocity [m/s]
Baseline	1.26 ± 0.15	1.25 ± 0.17	–	0.803
Changes	−0.004 ± 0.051	0.016 ± 0.055	0.020 (−0.01 to 0.06)	0.091
Handgrip strength [kg]
Baseline	30.0 ± 4.3	30.7 ± 5.1	–	0.675
Changes	−2.04 ± 2.13***	0.15 ± 2.26	2.19 (0.78 to 3.06)	<0.001

Notes: ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: HI-RT, high-intensity resistance training; CG, control group; MV, mean value; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Changes in Potentially Confounding Parameters in the CG and HI-RT and Corresponding Between-Group Differences

	CG MV±SD	HI-RT MV±SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-Value
Dietary energy uptake [kcal]
Changes	7.8 ± 135	13±166	5 (−93 to 104)	0.971
Dietary Protein uptake [g/d]
Changes	−2.1 ± 12.9	3.5 ± 16.4	5.6 (−4.0 to 15.3)	0.251
Physical activity [Index]^a
Changes	0.20 ± 0.88	0.22 ± 0.91	0.02 (−0.58 to 0.63)	0.941

Notes: ^aBased on a scale from (1) very low to (7) very high; see Table 1.

Abbreviations: HI-RT, high-intensity resistance training; CG, control group; MV, mean value; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.

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