Effect of Multicomponent Exercise and Nutrition Support on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Nutrition Facts Label of Peptide Athleeta 4000

Total calories (kcal)	48
Protein (g)	4.4
Fat (g)	0
Carbohydrate (g)	8.9
Sodium (mg)	112
Valine (mg)	184
Leucine (mg)	300
Isoleucine (mg)	177
Soy peptide (mg)	4000

Table 2 Baseline Characteristics of the Participants in the Two Groups

	Overall n=74			Exercise + Nutrition n=37			Exercise n=37			F-Value	P-Value
	Mean		SD	Mean		SD	Mean		SD
Age	75.2	±	5.5	74.4	±	5.6	76.3	±	5.4	0.112	0.216
Height, cm	152.1	±	7.3	152.4	±	7.7	151.8	±	7.0	0.754	0.725
Weight, kg	53.8	±	9.4	53.1	±	9.2	54.5	±	9.5	0.513	0.514
BMI, kg/m^2	23.2	±	3.1	22.8	±	2.9	23.6	±	3.2	0.360	0.273
Women, n %	61	82.4%		31	83.8%		30	81.1%			0.760

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Figure 1 A flowchart showing the distribution of participants the trial.

Table 3 Comparisons of Changes in Exercise and Exercise + Nutrition Groups

		Pre			Post			Two-Way ANOVA
								Time Effect		Time × Group
				Interaction
		Mean		SD	Mean		SD	F-Value	P-Value	F-Value	P-Value
MMSE
Exercise + Nutrition		28.3	±	1.8	28.8	±	1.4	0.93	0.339	1.66	0.20
Exercise		28.2	±	2.6	28.1	±	2.7
TMT-A
Exercise + Nutrition		98.4	±	26.4	88.1	±	22.9	15.65	<0.05*	0.04	0.85
Exercise		107.8	±	33.8	96.4	±	34.1
TMT-B
Exercise + Nutrition		142.2	±	74.3	146.6	±	47.3	0.10	0.75	0.86	0.36
Exercise		150.4	±	71.0	141.4	±	67.7
Gait speed
Exercise + Nutrition		1.24	±	0.2	1.32	±	0.2	32.84	<0.05*	2.37	0.13
Exercise		1.17	±	0.2	1.30	±	0.2
Grip strength
Exercise + Nutrition		21.7	±	5.7	24.0	±	5.0	56.28	<0.05*	0.27	0.61
Exercise		21.8	±	6.8	24.4	±	6.6
SMI
Exercise + Nutrition		5.76	±	0.8	5.87	±	0.9	8.90	<0.05*	0.00	0.9
Exercise		5.89	±	0.9	5.99	±	0.9
GDS
Exercise + Nutrition		3.52	±	2.4	3.16	±	2.7	0.11	0.74	0.59	0.44
Exercise		3.89	±	2.7	4.03	±	2.5

Note: *P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT, Trail Making Test; SMI, Skeletal mass index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Comparisons of MMSE Total and Subdivision Changes in Exercise and Exercise + Nutrition Groups

		Pre			Post			Two-Way ANOVA
								Time Effect		Time × Group
				Interaction
		Mean		SD	Mean		SD	F-Value	P-Value	F-Value	P-Value
Orientation Time
Exercise + Nutrition		4.81	±	0.5	4.9	±	0.3	0.07	0.79	2.23	0.14
Exercise		4.89	±	0.4	4.75	±	0.7
Orientation Place
Exercise + Nutrition		4.97	±	0.2	4.9	±	0.3	0.01	0.94	0.88	0.35
Exercise		4.78	±	0.5	4.83	±	0.6
Registration
Exercise + Nutrition		3	±	0	3	±	0	0.86	0.36	0.86	0.36
Exercise		2.92	±	0.5	3	±	0
Calculation
Exercise + Nutrition		3.84	±	1.4	4.42	±	1.2	3.29	0.06	3.99	<0.05*
Exercise		4.11	±	1.4	4.14	±	1.6
Recall
Exercise + Nutrition		2.88	±	0.34	2.87	±	0.43	2.26	0.14	1.16	0.29
Exercise		2.75	±	0.6	2.61	±	0.8
Language and Praxis
Exercise + Nutrition		8.77	±	0.5	8.74	±	0.4	0.02	0.88	0.31	0.58
Exercise		8.7	±	0.7	8.75	±	0.55
Total
Exercise + Nutrition		28.26	±	1.8	28.84	±	1.44	0.93	0.34	1.66	0.20
Exercise		28.16	±	2.61	28.08	±	2.68

Notes: *P < 0.05. Bold indicates only one interaction.