Effectiveness of a Mini-Trampoline Training Program on Balance and Functional Mobility, Gait Performance, Strength, Fear of Falling and Bone Mineral Density in Older Women with Osteopenia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart presenting the acquisition of participants.

Figure 2 The used mini-trampoline in the training intervention program.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants

	Total Group (n=40)	Intervention Group (n=20)	Control Group (n=20)	p-value
Age [years]	68.5 ± 6.1	69.6 ± 5.3	67.4 ± 6.8	0.296
Height [cm]	160.8 ± 5.2	160.0 ± 5.0	161.6 ± 5.4	0.594
Body mass [kg]	64.0 ± 9.2	64.2 ± 8.1	63.8 ± 10.5	0.893
Body mass index [kg/m^2]	24.8 ± 3.4	25.1 ± 3.2	24.4 ± 3.7	0.530

Note: Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations.

Table 2 Comparison of Pre- and Post-Test Results Between IG and CG

	Intervention Group (N=20)			Control Group (N=20)			p-value (Group × Time Interaction)	Effect Size
	Pre	Post	Δ%	Pre	Post	Δ%
OLS left [s]	17.99 ± 7.57	23.91 ± 7.04^a,b	32.97	21.76 ± 6.77	19.92 ± 9.57	−8.46	<0.001	η^2=0.354
OLS right [s]	17.80 ± 7.35	23.58 ± 7.17^a,b	32.51	21.77 ± 8.10	18.79 ± 8.98	−13.70	<0.001	η^2=0.306
TUG [s]	5.83 ± 0.95	4.72 ± 0.83^a,b	−19.09	5.45 ± 1.02	5.89 ± 0.96^a	8.23	<0.001	η^2=0.611
ACT [n]	15.95 ± 2.93	21.50 ± 3.62^a,b	34.80	16.80 ± 3.35	17.40 ± 3.35	3.57	<0.001	η^2=0.580
CST [n]	15.55 ± 3.40	21.20 ± 3.04^a,b	36.33	16.30 ± 3.01	16.65 ± 3.54	2.15	<0.001	η^2=0.576
WT [m/s]	1.46 ± 0.33	1.82 ± 0.30^a,b	24.52	1.60 ± 0.47	1.50 ± 0.42	−6.19	<0.001	η^2=0.397
FES-I [score]	19.60 ±2.85	16.60 ± 1.60^a,b	−15.31	19.45 ± 3.47	18.90 ± 2.67	−2.83	<0.001	η^2=0.159
BMD [g/cm^2]
Lumbar spine absolute	0.866 ± 0.112	0.873 ± 0.122^b	0.81	0.826 ± 0.076	0.775 ± 0.154	−6.27	0.064	η^2=0.087
Femoral neck absolute	0.650 ± 0.065	0.663 ± 0.061^a	1.98	0.684 ± 0.068	0.671 ± 0.050	−1.86	0.073	η^2=0.082

Notes: ^aSignificant differences between pre- and post-test (p<0.05); ^bSignificant differences between groups (p<0.05); η²=partial eta squared; Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations of the test measurements before (pre) and after (post) the exercise intervention program; and the percentage of the change between pre- and post-test.

Abbreviations: OLS, one-leg stance; TUG, timed up and go test; ACT, arm curl test; CST, 30-s chair stand test; WT, 6 m walking test; FES-I, Falls Efficacy Scale-International; BMD, bone mineral density.

Figure 3 Gait speed measured within WT of IG and CG at pre- and post-tests; *Significant difference between pre- and post-test (p<0.05); **Significant difference between groups (p<0.05); Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations of the WT test measurements before (pre) and after (post) the exercise intervention program.

Figure 4 BMD measured at lumbar spine and femoral neck of IG and CG at pre- and post-tests; *Significant difference between pre- and post-test (p<0.05); Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations of the BMD test measurements before (pre) and after (post) the exercise intervention program.