Inertial Training Improves Strength, Balance, and Gait Speed in Elderly Nursing Home Residents

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram for study participants.

Figure 2 Subject position during inertial training. (A) elbow flexors exercise. (B) knee flexors exercise.

Table 1 Mean Percentage Changes, Standard Deviations, 95% Confidence Intervals, and Effect Sizes for Force Measured Using Cyklotren

Group/Muscle		EF		EE		KF		KE
		R	L	R	L	R	L	R	L
T	% change	66.1 ± 49.3*^,#	49.3 ± 23.63*^,#	41.2 ± 19.1*^,#	37.1 ± 13.2*^,#	60.6 ± 76.2*^,#	69.1 ± 65.9*^,#	51.5 ± 57.3*^,#	56.3 ± 47.4*^,#
	95% CI	35.7–96.5	34.4–64.2	29.4 - 53	29 - 45.2	13.5–108	28.2–110	16.3–86.9	27.2–85.4
T vs C	ES	1.90	2.99	3.09	3.95	1.14	1.49	1.30	1.69
C	% change	−0.43 ± 2.97	−2.54 ± 6.60	−0.65 ± 1.64	−0.01 ± 1.58	−0.80 ± 3.53	−0.44 ± 3.42	−0.88 ± 2.09	−0.47 ± 1.81
	95% CI	−2.27–1.41	−6.63–1.55	−1.67–0.37	−0.99–0.97	−2.99–1.39	−2.56–1.68	−0.42–2.18	−0.65–1.59

Notes: *Significant difference from baseline, ^#significant difference from the control, (P ≤ 0.05).

Abbreviations: EF, elbow flexors; EE, elbow extensors; KF, knee flexors; KE, knee extensors; R, right limb, L, left limb; ES – effect size; Cohen’s d.

Table 2 Mean and Standard Deviations for Absolute Values of Force Measured Using Cyklotren

Group/Muscle		EF		EE		KF		KE
		R	L	R	L	R	L	R	L
T	Before	129 ± 44.9	136 ± 44.7	184 ± 84.8	197 ± 87.4	198 ± 39.4	193 ± 37.8	220 ± 67.7	218 ± 72.4
	After	198 ± 50.3*	197 ± 56.6*	255 ± 116*	266 ± 117*	297 ± 78.8*	316 ± 100*	323 ± 124*	332 ± 119*
C	Before	128 ± 39.1	130 ± 39.6	184 ± 54.4	180 ± 46.8	207 ± 54.6	189 ± 54.3	221 ± 70.5	213 ± 73
	After	128 ± 40.2	127 ± 43.3	183 ± 55.6	180 ± 50	206 ± 57.9	187 ± 52.6	224 ± 74.7	214 ± 75

Note: *Significant difference from baseline, (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 3 Mean Percentage Changes, Standard Deviations, 95% Confidence Intervals, and Effect Sizes for Analyzed Functional Parameters

Group/Test		Biceps Curl Test	Chair Stand Test	8-Foot Up-and-Go	Tinetti Balance	Tinetti Gait	ADL
T	% change	23.3 ± 14.8*^,#	40.6 ± 24*^,#	−12.8 ± 6.65*^#	29.0 ± 23.5*^,#	18.6 ± 6.31*^,#	1.56 ± 2.71
	95% CI	14.1–32.5	25.7–55.5	−16.9 - −8.68^,	14.4–43.6	14.7–22.5	−0.12–3.24
T vs C	ES	2.18	2.46	2.28	1.20	1.99	0.29
C	% change	−1.23 ± 5.87	−2.82 ± 6.85	−1.87 ± 7.27	5.55 ±12.3	2.10 ± 9.30	0.83 ± 2.20
	95% CI	−4.87–2.41	−7.07–1.43	−6.38–2.64	2.07–13.2	3.66 to 7.86	−0.53–2.19

Notes: *Significant difference from baseline, ^#Significant difference from the control, (P ≤ 0.05).

Abbreviation: ES, effect size; Cohen’s d.

Table 4 Mean and Standard Deviations for Absolute Values of Analyzed Functional Parameters

Group/Test		Biceps Curl Test (Reps)	Chair Stand Test (Reps)	8-Foot Up-and-Go (Time [s])	Tinetti Balance (Points)	Tinetti Gait (Points)	ADL (Points)
T	Before	14.6 ± 6.71	6.6 ± 3.43	13.4 ± 4.27	7.63 ± 2.64	7.00 ± 1.66	16.8 ± 0.97
	After	17.1 ± 6.29*	8.75 ± 4.05*	11.5 ± 3.01*	9.63 ± 3.08*	8.25 ± 1.79*	17.0 ± 0.87
C	Before	13.0 ± 4.69	8.38 ± 3.24	12.9 ± 3.54	8.13 ± 2.93	7.13 ± 1.62	17.1 ± 1.05
	After	12.9 ± 4.94	8.13 ± 3.18	12.6 ± 3.50	8.38 ± 2.74	7.25 ± 1.71	17.3 ± 0.83

Note: *Significant difference from baseline, (P ≤ 0.05).