Short-Term Effects of a Deterioration of General Health on the Oral Health of Nursing-Home Residents

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant Characteristics at Baseline and After Six Months and Drop-Outs. Data are Presented as Means (SD) or Counts (Frequency)

	Drop-Outs (n = 36)	Participants Analysed at Baseline (n = 114)	Six-Month Follow-Up of the Analysed Participants
Age	82.4 (10.8)	82.0 (9.5)	82.5 (9.5)
Gender
Female	25 (69.4%)	88 (77.2%)	88 (77.2%)
Male	11 (30.6%)	26 (22.8%)	26 (22.8%)
Number of teeth	12.8 (9.9)	9.2 (9.6)	8.9 (9.3)
Level of care
0	1 (2.8%)	3 (2.6%)	2 (1.8%)
1	2 (5.6%)	4 (3.5%)	3 (2.6%)
2	7 (19.4%)	38 (33.3%)	36 (31.6%)
3	11 (30.6%)	35 (30.7%)	37 (32.5%)
4	14 (38.9%)	28 (24.6%)	27 (23.7%)
5	1 (2.8%)	6 (5.3%)	9 (7.9%)
Number of diseases	6 (3.4)	5.9 (3.5)	6.5 (3.4)
Number of medications	7.2 (3.4)	8.7 (3.7)	8.8 (4.2)
Total denture status
FDP/natural teeth	14 (38.9%)	31 (27.1%)	31 (27.1%)
RDP	8 (22.2%)	19 (16.7%)	17 (14.9%)
CD	9 (25.0%)	50 (43.9%)	44 (38.6%)
ENP	5 (13.9%)	14 (12.3%)	22 (19.3%)
PI (n = 77)	2.3 (0.8)	2.1 (0.9)	2.4 (0.8)
DHI total (n = 74)	53.9 (32.3)	54.5(27.5)	69.9 (27.5)
Decayed teeth	1.7 (1.8)	1.8 (3.3)	2.9 (4.0)
Missing teeth	15.3 (9.7)	19.0 (9.3)	19.2 (9.6)
Filled teeth	6.9 (6.6)	4.7 (5.9)	3.8 (5.3)
DMF-T	23.9 (4.8)	25.4 (4.0)	26.0 (3.6)
Estimation of health condition
Good	19 (52.8%)	62 (54.4%)	48 (42.1%)
Reduced	12 (33.3%)	39 (34.2%)	50 (43.9%)
Poor	5 (13.9%)	13 (2.4%)	16 (14.0%)
OHAT	5.4 (2.3)	5.8 (2.4)	6.5 (2.4)
GDR
0.5	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	9 (7.9%)
1	5 (13.9%)	16 (14.0%)	34 (29.8%)
2	11 (30.6%)	31 (27.2%)	19 (16.6%)
3	5 (13.9%)	20 (17.5%)	15 (13.2%)
4	5 (13.9%)	14 (12.3%)	12 (10.5%)
5	1 (2.8%)	12 (10.5%)	14 (12.3%)
6	7 (19.4%)	12 (10.5%)	11 (9.6%)
7	2 (5.6%)	8 (7.0%)	36 (31.6%)
CDR
0	4 (11.1%)	15 (13.2%)	8 (7.0%)
0.5	12 (33.3%)	25 (21.9%)	25 (21.9%)
1	6 (16.7%)	30 (26.3%)	28 (24.6%)
2	7 (19.4%)	22 (19.3%)	28 (24.6%)
3	7 (19.4%)	22 (19.3%)	25 (21.9%)
AST (n = 108)	10.4 (3.5)	11.04 (2.8)	10.7 (3.5)
BMI	26.6 (5.5)	27.7 (6.6)	27.8 (6.8)

Abbreviations: FDP, fixed dental prosthesis; RDP, removable dental prosthesis; CD, complete denture; ENP, edentulous without dental prosthesis. PI, Plaque Index; DHI, Denture Hygiene Index; OHAT, Oral Health Impact Tool; GDR, Global Deterioration Scale; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; AST, Apraxia Screening Test.

Table 2 Univariate Regression Analysis with Dental Target Variables as Dependent Variables and Changes to General Health Over the Study Period as Independent Variables

Variable	C	95% CI LB	95% CI UB	P-value
Difference of PI (n = 77)
Age	0.003	−0.018	0.025	0.758
Gender	−0.268	−0.725	0.189	0.246
Deterioration of presence of own teeth *	−0.890	−2.100	0.321	0.147
Deterioration of care level *	0.013	−0.568	0.594	0.964
Difference of the number of diseases	0.008	−0.089	0.106	0.866
Difference of the number of medications	−0.052	−0.136	0.033	0.227
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	0.236	−0.206	0.678	0.292
Deterioration of GDR*	0.267	−0.155	0.689	0.212
Deterioration of CDR*	0.050	−0.377	0.476	0.816
Deterioration of AST (n = 108) *	0.019	−0.686	0.724	0.957
Difference of DHI (n = 74)
Age	−0.806	−1.534	−0.078	0.030
Gender	3.707	−15.861	22.876	0.701
Deterioration of presence of own teeth*	−0.417	−45.446	44.612	0.985
Deterioration of care level *	−5.714	−37.978	26.550	0.725
Difference of the number of diseases	−1.272	−5.106	2.561	0.510
Difference of the number of medications	−1.127	−4.385	2.130	0.493
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	13.971	−2.419	30.361	0.094
Deterioration of GDR*	3.717	−6.744	26.962	0.236
Deterioration of CDR*	10.109	−6.744	26.962	0.236
Deterioration of AST (n = 108) *	8.147	−15.840	32.135	0.500
Difference of OHAT (n = 114)
Age	0.000	−0.042	0.043	0.984
Gender	−0.622	−1.569	0.326	0.196
Deterioration of presence of own teeth*	−0.214	−3.264	2.835	0.890
Deterioration of care level*	−2.098	−3.342	−0.854	0.001
Difference of the number of diseases	−0.076	−0.268	0.116	0.434
Difference of the number of medications	0.032	−0.152	0.215	0.734
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	1.211	0.255	2.167	0.013
Deterioration of GDR*	0.005	−0.863	0.874	0.990
Deterioration of CDR*	0.619	−0.293	1.532	0.181
Deterioration of AST (n = 108) *	−1.087	−2.458	0.284	0.119
Difference of DMF-T (n = 114)
Age	−0.015	−0.040	0.010	0.227
Gender	0.081	−0.486	0.648	0.777
Deterioration of presence of own teeth*	−0.562	−2.372	1.247	0.539
Deterioration of care level *	0.966	0.212	1.720	0.013
Difference of the number of diseases	−0.037	−0.152	0.077	0.519
Difference of the number of medications	−0.062	−0.171	0.046	0.257
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	0.250	−0.332	0.832	0.396
Deterioration of GDR*	0.192	−0.323	0.707	0.461
Deterioration of CDR*	−0.232	−0.777	0.312	0.400
Deterioration of AST (n = 108) *	0.171	−0.656	0.997	0.683
Difference of decayed teeth (n = 114)
Age	−0.014	−0.063	0.036	0.592
Gender	−0.277	−1.398	0.843	0.625
Deterioration of presence of own teeth*	−1.705	5.276	1.865	0.346
Deterioration of care level *	1.760	0.262	3.258	0.022
Difference of the number of diseases	−0.104	−0.330	0.122	0.363
Difference of the number of medications	−0.056	−0.272	0.160	0.606
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	−0.433	−1.585	0.718	0.458
Deterioration of GDR*	0.365	−0.653	1.383	0.479
Deterioration of CDR*	−0.328	−1.407	0.751	0.548
Deterioration of AST (n = 108) *	0.067	−1.566	1.699	0.936
Difference of missing teeth (n = 114)
Age	−0.007	−0.024	0.010	0.390
Gender	−0.003	−0.383	0.376	0.985
Deterioration of presence of own teeth*	0.741	−0.465	1.947	0.226
Deterioration of care level *	−0.025	−0.554	0.495	0.926
Difference of the number of diseases	0.022	−0.055	0.098	0.579
Difference of the number of medications	0.013	−0.060	0.086	0.719
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	−0.133	−0.523	0.257	0.500
Deterioration of GDR*	−0.021	−0.367	0.324	0.903
Deterioration of CDR*	−0.041	−0.407	0.325	0.825
Deterioration of AST (n = 108) *	0.197	−0.356	0.749	0.481
Difference of filled teeth (n = 114)
Age	0.008	−0.028	0.045	0.647
Gender	0.328	−0.488	1.143	0.428
Deterioration of presence of own teeth*	0.375	−2.238	2.988	0.777
Deterioration of care level *	−0.799	−1.907	0.309	0.156
Difference of the number of diseases	0.042	−0.123	0.207	0.002
Difference of the number of medications	−0.022	−0.180	0.136	0.783
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	0.889	0.064	1.714	0.035
Deterioration of GDR*	−0.066	−0.810	0.678	0.860
Deterioration of CDR*	0.147	−0.640	0.935	0.712
Deterioration of AST (n = 108) *	0.079	−1.107	1.264	0.896

Notes: Significant p-values are marked in bold.*Participant characteristics are reported in a binary manner.

Abbreviations: C, regression coefficient; LB, lower boundary; UB, upper boundary. PI, Plaque Index; DHI, Denture Hygiene Index; OHAT, Oral Health Impact Tool; GDR, Global Deterioration Scale; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; AST, Apraxia Screening Test.

Table 3 Multivariate Linear Regression Model After Stepwise Selection of Variables Using the p-Value with Different Dependent Variables

Variable	Coefficient	95% CI LB	95% CI UB	p-value
Difference of OHAT (n=114)
Intercept	0.694	0.246	1.142	0.003
Deterioration of the estimation of health condition *	1.054	0.129	1.980	0.026
Deterioration of care level *	−1.948	−3.177	−0.719	0.002

Notes: Significant p-values are marked in bold. *Participant characteristics are reported in a binary manner.

Abbreviation: OHAT, Oral Health Assessment Tool.