Driver Self-Regulation Practices in Older Drivers with and Without Mild Cognitive Impairment

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Driving Characteristics of Older Drivers with MCI and with No Cognitive Impairment by Self-Regulation Status

	MCI		No Cognitive Impairment
	Self-Regulator	Non Self-Regulator	Self-Regulator	Non Self-Regulator
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Gender
Male	105 (51.7)	98 (48.3)	115 (46.6)	132 (53.4)
Female	121 (76.1)	38 (23.9)	234 (64.3)	130 (35.7)
Age
65–69 years	51 (60.0)	34 (40.0)	108 (52.7)	97 (47.3)
70–74 years	67 (54.0)	57 (46.0)	135 (58.7)	95 (41.3)
≥75 years	108 (70.6)	45 (29.4)	106 (60.2)	70 (39.8)
Marital status^a
Married/De facto	172 (59.1)	119 (40.9)	273 (56.6)	209 (43.4)
Single/Separated/Divorced/Widowed	54 (76.1)	17 (23.9)	74 (58.7)	52 (41.3)
Highest education achieved^a
Primary/Secondary	108 (69.7)	47 (30.3)	155 (62.5)	93 (37.5)
Higher Education	115 (56.7)	88 (43.3)	193 (53.3)	169 (46.7)
Living arrangements^a
Not alone	182 (60.3)	120 (39.7)	280 (56.6)	215 (43.4)
Alone	44 (73.3)	16 (26.7)	68 (59.6)	46 (40.4)
Number of co-morbidities
None	29 (61.7)	18 (38.3)	32 (48.5)	34 (51.5)
1–3	132 (62.3)	80 (37.7)	232 (58.0)	168 (42.0)
4+	65 (63.1)	38 (36.9)	85 (58.6)	60 (41.4)
Prescription medication
No	36 (61.0)	23 (39.0)	72 (57.6)	53 (42.4)
Yes	190 (62.7)	113 (37.3)	277 (57.0)	209 (43.0)
Crashes^a
None	212 (61.3)	134 (38.7)	334 (57.7)	245 (42.3)
≥1	14 (87.5)	2 (12.5)	14 (45.2)	17 (54.8)
Traffic infringements^a
None	197 (64.0)	111 (36.0)	309 (57.6)	227 (42.4)
≥1	27 (52.9)	24 (47.1)	40 (53.3)	35 (46.7)
License restriction
No	201 (63.8)	114 (36.2)	302 (56.4)	233 (43.6)
Yes	25 (53.2)	22 (46.8)	47 (61.8)	29 (38.2)

Note: ^aMissing information.

Abbreviation: MCI, mild cognitive impairment.

Table 2 Self-Regulation of Driving Situations for Drivers with MCI and with No Cognitive Impairment

	MCI	No Cognitive Impairment	p-value
	N (%)	N (%)
Driving at night in the rain
Self-regulate	174 (48.1)	268 (43.9)	0.20
Did not self-regulate	188 (51.9)	343 (56.1)
Parallel parking
Self-regulate	76 (21.0)	123 (20.1)	0.74
Did not self-regulate	286 (79.0)	488 (79.9)
Driving when it is raining
Self-regulate	67 (18.5)	108 (17.7)	0.74
Did not self-regulate	295 (81.5)	503 (82.3)
Driving during peak hour
Self-regulate	50 (13.8)	72 (11.8)	0.35
Did not self-regulate	312 (86.2)	539 (88.2)
Driving at night
Self-regulate	49 (13.5)	54 (8.8)	0.02
Did not self-regulate	313 (86.5)	557 (91.2)
Making turns across oncoming traffic
Self-regulate	35 (9.7)	38 (6.2)	0.04
Did not self-regulate	327 (90.3)	573 (93.8)
Driving on heavy traffic roads
Self-regulate	20 (5.5)	25 (4.1)	0.30
Did not self-regulate	342 (94.5)	586 (95.9)
Drive on highways or freeways
Self-regulate	10 (2.8)	19 (3.1)	0.75
Did not self-regulate	352 (97.2)	592 (96.9)
Driving alone
Self-regulate	3 (0.8)	6 (1.0)	0.80
Did not self-regulate	359 (99.2)	605 (99.0)

Abbreviation: MCI, mild cognitive impairment.

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Driver Self-Regulation in at Least One Driving Situation for Drivers with MCI and with No Cognitive Impairment

	Multivariate Analysis^a,b
	OR	95% CI	p-value
Cognition
No cognitive impairment	1
MCI	1.39	1.04–1.85	0.02
Gender
Male	1
Female	2.34	1.76–3.12	<0.001
Age
65–69 years	1
70–74 years	1.12	0.81–1.56	0.48
≥75 years	1.58	1.12–2.23	0.01

Notes: ^aAdjusted for living arrangement, co-morbidities, prescription medication, licence restrictions, crashes and traffic infringements, but were not significant in the multivariate analysis (p>0.05). ^bInteractions between cognitive status and gender (p=0.18), and cognitive status and age group (p=0.08) were also not significant.

Abbreviations: MCI, mild cognitive impairment; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.