Spaced Retrieval and Episodic Memory Training in Alzheimer’s Disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant Demographics

ID	Age	Sex	Occupation	Education	Language	3MS (100)	MMSE (30)
1	82	F	Nurse	University	English, Hebrew	92	27
2	57	F	Teacher	University	English, Italian	80	21
3	71	M	Air Force/Electronics	Vet medicine (incomplete)	English	72	23
4	82	M	Lawyer/International relations	JD	English	68	21
5	74	M	Engineer	University	English, Mandarin	39	14
6	78	M	Pilot/Marine merchant	High School	English, Dutch	64	20
7	67	M	Contractor/Trades	Certificate	English	66	22
8	78	F	Nurse	BSN	English	67	26
9	85	F	Service Industry	High School	English	56	20
10	91	M	Lawyer	University	English	76	22
11	84	M	Engineer	Technical College	English	70	23
12	81	M	Engineer & Economist	.	English, Hungarian	62	24
13	82	F	Teacher	.	English, French	61	19
14	81	F	Vancouver Library Typist	High School	English	47	15
15	88	F	Home maker/office worker	College	English	66	24

Table 2 Cognitive Assessment Baseline

	3MS	MMSE	GDS	Trail Making Test		Doors and People
				Part A	Part B	Age Scaled Score	Visual Verbal	Recall Recognition	Forgetting Score
N	15	15	15	12	7	15	15	15	15
Mean	65.73	21.40	0.37	120.67	221.57	4.00	9.47	10.67	9.33
SD	12.71	3.56	0.81	70.86	81.62	2.56	0.64	2.58	4.92
SE	3.28	0.92	0.21	20.46	30.85	0.66	0.17	0.67	1.27

Table 3 Sample Training and Control Activities

Examples of Training Activities
Activity	Core Details	Cues
Birthday Party	1. Dog (sassy) barked	1. Something happened at the beginning, when I was serving coffee, and we jumped
	2. “Happy Birthday” in 3 languages	2. We sang something? Anything about how we sang?
	3. Funny/crazy hats	3. I brought something out to make the party more festive
Book Club	1. Hollow Book contained chocolates	1. One book was quite unusual
	2. Blew horn during B-I-N-G-O game	2. I pulled out something when you won
	3. Stack of books fell over	3. Something happened by accident, we stacked the books up and?
Examples of Control Activities
Activity	Core Details	Cues
Valentine’s themed party	1. Research assistant presented participant with Valentines balloons	1. I brought you a present
	2. Research assistant wrote a card for participant	2. There was something else I brought for you
	3. Research assistant had participant tell him about how MC met his wife	3. You told me a story
Current Events	1. Looked at a newspaper, fake article with the participant’s name and photo	1. We looked through the Globe and Mail, was a little surprised when we turned the page
	2. Word search activity with participant’s name	2. We did a word search puzzle about news vocabulary and threw an unexpected word in
	3. Forest fire arts and craft activity, lighting a match for extra effect	3. We did a craft making a forest fire, and for a little more effect I did something

Table 4 Grand Total Means Spaced Retrieval Training

Prompt Response									3MS	MMSE
Spaced Retrieval							Control Condition
	Training		Maintenance		Combined
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD			M(SD)	M(SD)
P1	0.67	0.30	0.83	0.29	0.74	0.29	.		92	27
P2	1.0	0	1.0	0	1.0	0	.		80	21
P3	0.78	0.29	0.67	0.29	0.73	0.27	.		72	23
P4	0.71	0.48	0.83	0.29	0.76	0.38	.		68	21
P5	0.19	0.24	0.33	0.58	0.25	0.38	.		39	14
P6	0.42	0.08	0	0	0.03	0.07	.		64	20
P7	0.81	0.38	1	0	0.88	0.31	.		66	22
P8	0.50	0.42	0.25	0.35	0.42	0.38	.		67	26
P9	0.90	0.20	1.0	0	0.94	0.15	.		56	20
P10	0.19	0.16	0	0	0.11	0.15	.		76	22
P11	0	0	0	0	0	0	.		70	23
P12	0	0	0	0	0	0	.		62	24
P13	0.23	0.26	0	0	0.13	0.22	.		61	19
P14	0.36	0.32	0	0	0.20	0.30	.		47	15
P15	0.22	0.21	0.17	0.29	0.20	0.22	.		66	24
Group Mean	0.44	0.35	0.41	0.43	0.42	0.38	.		65.73(12.71)	21.40(3.56)
Spontaneous									3MS	MMSE
Spaced Retrieval							Control Condition
	Training		Maintenance		Combined
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M(SD)	M(SD)
P1	0.54	0.20	0.44	0.25	0.50	0.21	0	0	92	27
P2	0.80	0.12	1.0	0	0.89	0.14	0.96	0.08	80	21
P3	0.65	0.20	0.89	0.10	0.75	0.20	0.37	0.38	72	23
P4	0.62	0.29	0.83	0.29	0.71	0.29	0	0	68	21
P5	0.14	0.10	0.17	0.17	0.15	0.12	0.04	0.08	39	14
P6	0.39	0.11	0.25	0.12	0.34	0.12	0	0	64	20
P7	0.85	0.15	1.0	0	0.92	0.13	0.75	0.32	66	22
P8	0.74	0.22	0.92	0.12	0.80	0.20	0	0	67	26
P9	0.68	0.15	0.44	0.49	0.57	0.32	0.17	0.17	56	20
P10	0.26	0.10	0.22	0.19	0.24	0.13	0.14	0.16	76	22
P11	0.21	0.11	0.22	0.19	0.21	0.14	0.14	0.22	70	23
P12	0.03	0.04	0	0	0.18	0.31	0	0	62	24
P13	0.22	0.16	0.22	0.25	0.22	0.18	0.03	0.07	61	19
P14	0.01	0.02	0	0	0.01	0.01	0	0	47	15
P15	0.25	0.07	0.39	0.19	0.31	0.14	0	0	66	24
Group Mean	0.43	0.29	0.47	0.36	0.45	0.32	0.18	0.31	65.73(12.71)	21.40(3.56)
Cued									3MS	MMSE
Spaced Retrieval							Control Condition
	Training		Maintenance		Combined
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M(SD)	M(SD)
P1	0.87	0.20	1.0	0	0.93	0.16	0	0	92	27
P2	1.0	0	.	.	1.0	0	0.50	0.71	80	21
P3	0.83	0.33	1.0	0	0.89	0.27	0.13	0.16	72	23
P4	0.95	0.63	0.25	.	0.81	0.32	0	0	68	21
P5	0.33	0.18	0.42	0.08	0.37	0.14	0	0	39	14
P6	0.54	0.18	0.92	0.12	0.67	0.24	0	0	64	20
P7	1.0	0	.	.	1	0	0.75	0.35	66	22
P8	0.58	0.14	1.0	.	0.69	0.24	0.25	0.35	67	26
P9	1.0	0	.	.	1.0	0	0.03	0.07	56	20
P10	0.90	0.20	0.94	0.10	0.92	0.15	0.17	0.21	76	22
P11	0.73	0.01	0.64	0.32	0.69	0.19	0.06	0.14	70	23
P12	0.80	0.15	0.78	0.25	0.79	0.18	0.14	0.22	62	24
P13	0.44	0.06	0.61	0.10	0.51	0.12	0.15	0.19	61	19
P14	0.50	0.21	0.11	0.10	0.33	0.26	0.14	0.13	47	15
P15	0.81	0.09	0.55	0.39	0.70	0.27	0.36	0.29	66	24
Group Mean	0.75	0.22	0.71	0.31	0.73	0.26	0.18	0.21	65.73(12.71)	21.40(3.56)

Figure 1 Spaced retrieval training grand total means.

Figure 2 Training session means. (A) Prompt response. (B) Spontaneous recall. (C) Cued recall.

Table 5 Secondary Analysis: QOL Pre-Post Test

	QOL-AD			QOL-CG
	BL	M1	M3	BL	M1	M3
N	15	15	11	15	10	12
Mean	39.87	39.47	39.82	33.60	33.50	32.38
SD	5.43	5.26	3.68	5.36	7.25	3.89
SE	1.40	1.36	1.11	1.38	2.29	1.12

Table 6 Secondary Analysis: RMBPC Pre-Post Test

	Memory Frequency			Memory Reaction
	BL	M1	M3	BL	M1	M3
N	15	11	14	15	11	14
Mean	18.60	19.36	19.36	9.47	9.36	11.21
SD	5.49	5.89	5.33	5.55	5.68	5.47
SE	1.45	1.78	1.42	1.43	1.71	1.46
	Depression F			Depression R
N	15	11	14	15	11	14
Mean	5.60	7.64	7.14	5.27	5.36	6.36
SD	3.74	4.50	3.63	4.67	3.78	4.68
SE	0.97	1.36	0.97	1.20	1.14	1.25
	Disruption F			Disruption R
N	15	11	14	15	11	14
Mean	3.93	3.18	4.14	3.47	3.00	3.75
SD	2.66	2.82	2.57	2.75	2.86	2.86
SE	0.69	0.85	0.69	0.71	0.86	0.77
	Total F			Total R
N	15	11	14	15	11	15
Mean	28.13	30.18	30.64	18.20	17.73	15.23
SD	7.97	8.53	7.57	8.71	10.48	11.16
SE	2.06	2.58	2.02	2.25	3.16	2.88