Association Between Body Composition and Frailty in Elder Inpatients

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Characteristics by Frailty Subgroups

Characteristics	Total Sample (n=656)	Non-Frail (n=368)	Frail (n=288)	P-value
Age (mean ±SD)	83.29±8.29	79.55±8.16	88.07±5.55	<0.001
Gender, n (%)				0.907
Male	381(58.1%)	213(57.9%)	168(58.3%)
Female	275(41.9%)	155(42.1%)	120(41.7%)
Comorbidity, n(%)				<0.001
No	228(34.8%)	163(44.3%)	65(22.6%)
Yes	428(65.2)	205(55.7%)	223(77.4%)
Polypharmacy, n(%)				<0.001
No	308 (47.0%)	221 (60.1%)	87(30.2%)
Yes	348 (53.0%)	147(39.9%)	201(69.8%)
Hearing, n(%)				<0.001
Normal	339 (51.7%)	220(59.5%)	119(41.3%)
Loss	317 (48.3%)	150(40.5%)	169(58.7%)
Eyesight, n(%)				<0.001
Normal	279(42.5%)	187(50.8%)	92(48.9%)
Loss	377(57.5%))	181(49.2%)	196(51.1%)
Fall, n(%)				<0.001
No	493(75.2%)	300(81.5%)	193(67.0%)
Yes	163(24.8%)	68(18.5%)	95(33.0%)
Smoking history, n(%)				0.157
Never smoking	484 (73.8%)	278(75.5%)	206(71.5%)
Former smoker	103 (15.7%)	49(13.3%)	54(18.8%)
Current smoker	69 (10.5%)	41(11.1%)	28(9.7%)
Drinking history, n (%)				0.333
Never drinking	505 (77.0%)	283(76.9%)	222(77.1%)
Former drinker	39 (5.9%)	18(4.9%)	21(7.3%)
Current drinker	112 (17.1%)	67(18.2%)	45(15.6%)
Height, (mean ±SD)	161.27±8.54	161.85±8.09	160.43±9.10	0.041
Weight, (mean ±SD)	60.66±11.27	61.37±10.73	59.65±11.93	0.060
BMI categories, n(%)				0.109
Underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m^2)	52(8.4%)	26(7.1%)	26(10.2%)
Normal weight (18.5≤BMI<25.0 kg/m^2)	382(61.4%)	230(62.8%)	152(59.4%)
Overweight (25≤BMI<30.0kg/m^2)	165(26.5%)	101(27.6%)	64(25.0%)
Obesity (≥30 kg/m^2)	23(3.7%)	9(2.5%)	14(5.5%)
Body composition (mean ±SD)
Left calf circumference	33.00±3.43	33.75±3.05	32.01±3.66	<0.001
Right calf circumference	33.17±3.50	33.93±3.17	32.16±3.66	<0.001
Left arm circumference	25.46±3.10	25.76±2.79	25.07±3.43	0.007
Right arm circumference	25.80±3.11	26.13±2.86	25.36±2.38	0.003
Waist circumference	88.34±10.36	87.42±9.26	89.58±11.58	0.011
Skeletal muscle mass	23.36±4.86	24.15±4.64	22.18±4.97	<0.001
Body fat mass	17.59±6.61	16.85±5.81	18.70±7.53	0.002
Total body water	31.77±6.08	32.59±5.82	30.56±6.25	<0.001
Fat-free mass	43.85±15.31	44.36±7.57	43.10±22.25	<0.001
Body fat percentage	28.36±8.08	27.12±7.22	30.22±8.91	<0.001
Basal metabolic rate	1299.81±189.27	1322.68±179.83	1265.46±198.15	<0.001

Note: Data in bold indicate P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Flowchart of patient inclusion.

Abbreviation: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 2 Risk Factors Associated with Frailty by Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis

Risk Factors	Frailty OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age	1.194(1.158–1.236)	<0.001
Gender	0.982(0.718–1.342)	0.907
Hearing loss	1.780(1.431–2.213)	<0.001
Eyesight loss	2.214(1.657–2.722)	<0.001
Comorbidity	2.728(1.933–3.850)	<0.001
Polypharmacy	3.473(2.505–4.816)	<0.001
Fall	2.172(1.515–3.113)	<0.001
Left calf circumference	0.855(0.813–0.899)	<0.001
Right calf circumference	0.857(0.815–0.901)	<0.001
Left arm circumference	0.930(0.882–0.980)	0.007
Right arm circumference	0.921(0.873–0.902)	0.003
Waist circumference	1.021(1.005–1.037)	0.011
High waist circumference	1.858(1.298–2.660)	<0.001
Skeletal muscle mass	0.917(0.883–0.952)	<0.001
Body fat mass	1.044(1.016–1.072)	0.002
Total body water	0.945(0.917–0.974)	<0.001
Fat-free mass	0.993(0.976–1.009)	0.386
Body fat percentage	1.051(1.027–1.075)	<0.001
Basal metabolic rate	0.998(0.997–0.999)	<0.001
BMI categories
Normal weight 18.5≤BMI<25.0	Ref.
Underweight BMI<18.5	3.040(1.239–7.461)	0.015
Overweight 25.0≤BMI<30.0	0.928(0.496–1.735)	0.814
Obesity BMI≥30.0	1.671(0.437–6.391)	0.453

Note: Data in bold indicate P<0.05.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 Association Between Waist Circumferences, Skeletal Muscle Mass, Body Fat Mass, BMI and Frailty by Multinomial Logistic Regression

Risk Factors	Adjusted Model OR (95% CI)	P-value
High waist circumference	1.428(0.584–3.491)	<0.001
Skeletal muscle mass	0.159(0.064–0.396)	<0.001
Body fat mass	1.143(0.892–1.315)	<0.001
BMI categories
Normal weight 18.5≤BMI<25.0	Ref.
Underweight BMI<18.5	4.146(1.286–13.368)	0.017
Overweight 25.0≤BMI<30.0	1.117(0.471–2.653)	0.801
Obesity BMI≥30.0	2.072(0.358–11.989)	0.416

Notes: Data in bold indicate P<0.05. Multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, hearing loss, eyesight loss, fall, comorbidity, polypharmacy.

Abbreviations: OR, odds Ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.