Attenuated Renal and Hepatic Cells Apoptosis Following Swimming Exercise Supplemented with Garlic Extract in Old Rats

Figures & data

Table 1 Swimming Exercise Training Protocol

Week Day	1	2	3
1	5–6	7–8	9–10
2	11–13	14–16	17–19
3	20–21	22–23	24–25
4	26–28	29–31	32–34
5	35–36	37–38	39–40
6	41–43	44–46	47–49
7	50–51	52–53	54–55
8	56–57	58–59	59–60

Figure 1 Sections of liver tissue from different groups. (A) Control, (B) saline, (C) garlic, (D) exercised, and (E) exercise + garlic groups: (1) central vein, (2) hepatocells; (3)and (7) mild parenchymal inflammation; (4) and (5) sinusoidal dilatation.

Figure 2 Sections of renal tissue from different groups: (A) control, (B) saline, (C) exercise, (D) garlic, and (E) exercise + garlic groups. Black arrows: mild necrosis, intratubular hemorrhage and sloughing of epithelium.

Table 2 The Mean±SD of the Hepatic and Renal Apoptosis Biomarkers in Different Groups

Parameters	Control	S	E	G	E.G	p-value
Hepatic
BAX (ng/mg/tissue)	9.16±1.4	9.38±1.39	6.98±1.77*	6.65±0.97*	6.37±0.92*	<0.001
Bcl-2 (ng/mg/tissue)	4.28±0.81	4.12±0.95	6.57±0.74*	7.08±0.9*	8.01±1.04*	<0.001
BAX/Bcl-2 (ng/mL)	2.25±0.76	2.33±0.44	1.06±0.24*	0.96±0.23*	0.81±0.18*	<0.001
Renal
BAX (ng/mg/tissue)	13.9±1.07	12.78±1.65	11.26±2.18*	10.48±1.65*	10.16±1.43*	<0.001
Bcl-2 (ng/mg/tissue)	3.61±0.28	3.19±0.66	4.97±0.68*	4.75±0.71*	5.05±0.67*	<0.001
BAX/Bcl-2 (ng/mL)	3.84±0.39	4.5±1.12	2.17±0.56*	2.39±0.54*	2.04±0.41*	<0.001

Note: *p<0.05 is considered as significant compared to control and saline groups.

Abbreviations: S, saline; E, exercise trining; G, garlic; E.G, exercise training + garlic.

Table 3 The Mean±SD of Urea, Uric Acid and Creatinine Levels in Different Groups

Parameters	Control	S	E	G	E.G	p-value
Uric acid (mg/dl)	0.67±0.09	0.63±0.08	0.49±0.06*	0.55±0.05*	0.47±0.09*	<0.0001
Urea (mg/dl)	40.57±3.66	41.28±5.15	33.59±3.1*	36.08±3.92*	32.58±4.39*	<0.0001
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.5±0.05	0.51±0.04	0.43±0.03*	0.47±0.05*	0.42±0.07*	<0.0001

Note: *p<0.05 is considered as significant compared to control and saline groups.

Abbreviations: S, saline; E, exercise training; G, garlic; E.G, exercise training+ garlic.

Table 4 The Mean±SD of Liver Enzyme Activity in Different Groups

Parameters	Control	S	E	G	E.G	p-value
AST (unit/l)	154.66±18.64	156.37±18.87	131.37±16.83*	150.21±13.12	126.12±13.99*	0.001
ALT (unit/l)	227.71±25.25	236±26.98	191.62±25.23*	212.25±17.96	189±27.72*	0.001
ALP (unit/l)	408.44±22.43	409.12±40.45	359.5±25.27*	354.25±36.94*	349.75±26.17*	<0.0001

Note: *p<0.05 is considered as significant compared to control and saline groups.

Abbreviations: S, saline; E, exercise training; G, Garlic; E.G, exercise training + garlic.

Table 5 The Mean±SD of Liver and Renal Antioxidant Activity in Different Groups

Parameters	Control	S	ET	G	ET.G	p-value
Liver
CAT (U/mg/protein)	211.71±32.22	209.28±14.89	233.57±8.86	235.0±10.61	236.28±16.88	0.055
SOD (U/mg/protein)	63.14±11.33	62.57±5.56	79±5.38*	81.14±4.7*	82.28±5.52*	<0.0001
MDA (U/mg/protein)	17.85±5.39	17.57±2.63	12±2.94*	10±1.41*	9.42±0.97*	<0.0001
Kidney
CAT (U/mg/protein)	152.85±23.5	152±6.97	172.42±5.38*	175.28±9.21*	176.28±8.07*	0.001
SOD (U/mg/protein)	41.28±10.9	40.85±5.49	55.71±5.52*	57.14±7.47*	59.28±5.73*	<0.0001
MDA (U/mg/protein)	34.57±9.14	33.42±7.04	21.85±4.48*	20.42±3.69*	19.14±3.43*	<0.0001

Note: *p<0.05 is considered as significant compared to control and saline groups.

Abbreviations: S, saline; E, exercise training; G, garlic; E.G, exercise training + garlic.