Social facilitation in virtual reality-enhanced exercise: competitiveness moderates exercise effort of older adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and change in exercise effort with competition

	Competitiveness				t-test
	Low (n = 8)		High (n = 6)		P
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Baseline characteristics
Age (years)	80.7	(12.3)	75.6	(13.5)	0.48
Education (years)	13.9	(2.5)	12.7	(1.0)	0.29
Women (n)	7		6
Competitiveness	4.4	(3.2)	11.5	(2.6)	0.001
Weight (kg)	68.9	(8.6)	70.1	(10.7)	0.83
BMI	25.7	(2.3)	27.0	(2.8)	0.36
HR	57.1	(5.4)	60.3	(5.0)	0.29
BP (systolic)	126.3	(24.9)	132.3	(13.8)	0.61
BP (diastolic)	71.0	(15.1)	71.0	(9.4)	1.00
Fat tissue %	40.4	(4.2)	44.5	(4.3)	0.10
Fat mass (kg)	26.8	(3.8)	30.5	(7.2)	0.26
Lean mass (kg)	39.7	(6.1)	37.4	(4.0)	0.44
Abdominal fat %	42.3	(9.1)	47.2	(8.2)	0.33
Exercise effort
Pre-competition (watts)	16.3	(9.6)	25.5	(11.4)	0.12
With competition (watts)	16.9	(9.2)	30.2	(11.1)	0.03
Change (watts)	0.6	(1.1)	4.7	(2.9)	0.003
Change (% watts)	6.0	(9.0)	20.9	(13.2)	0.03

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; HR, heart rate.