Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Healthy Aging Community-Dwelling Early-Old Adults with the Timed Up and Go Test

Figures & data

Table 1 Cohort Clinical Characteristics Organized by Incidence of Composite Endpoint (Fall, Hospitalization Institutionalization or Death) Within One Year

Variable	Whole Group (n=160)	EP (n=34)	NE (n=126)	EP vs NE P-value
Age, years	66.8±4.2	68.1±4.3	66.5±4.1	0.048
Sex, percentage of females	44.4	50.0	42.9	0.457
Current smokers, %	13.8	14.7	13.5	0.856
Ever-smokers, %	38.8	50.0	35.7	0.129
Smoking, pack-years	10.5±17.6	12.89±16.97	9.88±17.75	0.297
Regular alcohol consumption, %	47.5	50.0	46.8	0.709
Total number of diseases or comorbidities	3.81±2.23	4.15±1.92	3.71±2.30	0.214
Charlson Comorbidity Index	3.38±1.5	3.56±1.13	3.33±1.58	0.078
Total number of oral medications	3.79±3.16	4.71±3.21	3.55±3.12	0.054
Total number of oral, herbal and topical medications and supplements	4.29±3.60	5.35±3.69	4.01±3.53	0.049
Psychotropic medicines use, %	16.3	17.6	15.9	0.804
Osteoarthritis, %	75.0	82.4	73.0	0.360
Hypertension, %	60.6	70.6	57.9	0.180
Coronary heart disease, %	29.4	41.2	26.2	0.089
Diabetes, %	18.8	17.6	19.0	0.853
Depression, %	15.6	14.7	15.9	0.868
Heart failure, %	14.4	14.7	14.3	0.951
Osteoporosis, %	11.9	5.88	13.5	0.358
Peripheral artery disease, %	10.6	8.82	11.1	0.100
Cancer, %	10.6	11.8	10.3	0.944
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, %	7.50	8.82	7.14	0.971
Asthma, %	7.50	2.94	8.73	0.441
Weight, kg	79.3±14.5	79.3±13.1	79.3±14.8	0.802
Height, m	1.67±0.09	1.7±0.1	1.7±0.1	0.553
Body mass index, kg/m^Citation2	28.4±4.6	28.7±3.7	28.4±4.8	0.361
Total body fat percentage*	30.3±8.3	31.0±7.6	30.1±8.4	0.625
Total fat mass*, kg	24.4±8.8	23.9±6.7	24.5±9.3	0.863
Fat-free mass*, kg	54.1±12.1	53.6±11.7	54.1±12.2	0.621
Total water content*, kg	40.2±8.6	39.7±8.8	40.4±8.6	0.647
Total abdominal fat*, %	37.8±9.9	38.0±9.1	37.7±10.2	0.919
Visceral fat rating*, score	15.4±6.6	16.1±6.6	15.2±6.6	0.359
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	142.3±19.7	141.9±21.5	142.5±19.2	0.762
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	85.7±11.2	81.9±9.8	86.7±11.3	0.034
Heart rate, beats/min	76.1±11.8	76.0±12.3	76.1±11.7	0.886
Hemoglobin, g/dL	14.8±1.2	14.4±1.2	14.9±1.2	0.075
Red blood cells, T/L	4.80±0.45	4.66±0.44	4.84±0.44	0.099
White blood cells, G/L	6.88±2.49	6.68±1.41	6.94±2.71	0.856
Total protein, g/dL	7.41±0.40	7.40±0.34	7.42±0.41	0.874
Albumin, mg/mL	43.2±3.2	43.6±3.0	43.1±3.3	0.531
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.89±0.19	0.91±0.22	0.88±0.18	0.975
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	72.9±13.1	69.9±13.0	73.7±13.1	0.323
Glucose, mg/dL	108.3±41.6	114.1±60.7	106.7±34.9	0.804
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L	26.4±27.1	23.3±11.1	27.3±29.9	0.619
Calcium, mg/dL	9.56±0.39	9.59±0.38	9.54±0.39	0.963
Vitamin D, ng/mL	28.4±14.1	32.6±17.4	27.2±12.9	0.117
Cortisol, ng/mL	12.6±3.7	13.1±3.1	12.5±3.9	0.450

Notes: Data are shown as mean values ± standard deviations for quantitative variables and percentages for categorical variables. Values for the whole group were presented in our previous paper.⁸

*Analysis included 149 subjects, among them 68 women and 81 men, 29 subjects who met the composite endpoint (EP) and 120 subjects who did not (NE).

Table 2 Cohort Functional Characteristics Organized by Incidence of the Composite Endpoint (Fall, Hospitalization, Institutionalization or Death) Within One Year

Variable	Whole Group (n=160)	EP (n=34)	NE (n=126)	EP vs NE P-value
Mini-Mental State Examination, score	29.0±1.5	29.1±1.2	28.9±1.5	0.843
Geriatric Depression Scale, score	3.13±2.84	3.18±3.13	3.12±2.76	0.751
Barthel Index, score	98.1±8.2	98.1±5.5	98.1±8.8	0.526
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, score	26.3±2.1	26.3±1.7	26.3±2.2	0.426
Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment, score	26.9±3.1	26.4±3.4	27.1±3.0	0.671
Timed Get-up and Go Test, s	8.4±2.9	9.81±3.51	8.01±2.61	0.005
6-Minute Walk Test, m	445.8±90.9	422.7±92.1	451.6±90.1	0.049
Unintentional weight loss – prevalence of positive Fried frailty criterion* (loss of weight of ≥10 lbs or ≥4.54 kg)	7.5 (3.4–11.6)	2.9 (0–8.6)	8.7 (3.8–11.7)	0.441
Unintentional weight loss – prevalence of positive Saum frailty criterion** (loss of weight of ≥5 kg)	6.9 (3.0–10.8)	2.9 (0–8.6)	7.9 (3.2–12.9)	0.522
Unintentional weight loss – prevalence of positive frailty criterion based on the loss of ≥5% body weight	7.5 (3.4–11.6)	5.9 (0–13.8)	7.9 (3.2–12.9)	0.971
Grip strength, kg	55.4±28.8	56.7±24.6	55.0±29.9	0.404
Weakness – prevalence of positive Fried frailty criterion*, %	5.6 (2.1–9.2)	5.9 (0–13.8)	5.6 (1.6–9.6)	0.729
Weakness – prevalence of positive Saum frailty criterion**, %	6.3 (2.5–10.0)	5.9 (0–13.8)	6.4 (2.1–10.6)	0.756
Weakness – prevalence of positive cohort-based frailty criterion***, %	19.4 (13.3–25.5)	11.8 (0.9–22.6)	21.4 (14.3–28.6)	0.307
Poor endurance; exhaustion – prevalence of positive Fried frailty criterion*, %	7.5 (3.4–11.6)	8.8 (0–18.4)	7.1 (2.7–11.6)	0.971
Usual pace walking speed, m/s	1.14±0.32	1.10±0.30	1.15±0.32	0.267
Slowness – prevalence of positive Fried frailty criterion*, %	8.1 (3.9–12.4)	11.8 (0.9–22.6)	7.1 (2.7–11.6)	0.602
Slowness – prevalence of positive Saum frailty criterion**, %	14.4 (8.9–19.8)	26.5 (11.6–41.3)	11.1 (5.6–16.6)	0.024
Slowness – prevalence of positive cohort-based frailty criterion**, %	17.5 (11.6–23.4)	26.5 (11.6–41.3)	15.1 (8.8–21.3)	0.122
Physical activity*, kcal/week	4423±6291	3432.3±2652.8	4690.4±6938.4	0.922
Physical activity**, score	17.0±10.3	16.5±8.6	17.2±10.8	0.920
Low physical activity – prevalence of positive Fried frailty criterion*, %	8.1 (3.9–12.4)	8.8 (0–18.4)	7.9 (3.2–12.7)	0.853
Low physical activity – prevalence of positive Saum frailty criterion**, %	27.5 (20.6–34.4)	29.4 (14.1–44.7)	27.0 (19.2–34.7)	0.779
Low physical activity – prevalence of positive cohort-based frailty criterion***, %	21.3 (14.9–27.6)	20.6 (7.0–34.2)	21.4 (14.3–28.6)	0.916
Prevalence of prefrailty according to Fried criteria*, %	24.4 (17.7–31.0)	23.5 (9.3–37.8)	24.6 (17.1–32.1)	0.897
Prevalence of prefrailty according to Saum criteria**, %	41.3 (33.6–48.9)	41.2 (24.6–57.7)	41.3 (32.7–49.9)	0.992
Prevalence of prefrailty according to cohort-based criteria***, %	45.6 (37.9–53.3)	41.2 (24.6–57.7)	46.8 (38.1–55.5)	0.557
Prevalence of frailty according to Fried criteria*, %	2.5 (0.1–4.9)	2.9 (0–8.6)	2.4 (0–5.0)	0.665
Prevalence of frailty according to Saum criteria**, %	4.4 (1.2–7.5)	5.9 (0–13.8)	3.4 (0.6–7.4)	0.991
Prevalence of frailty according to cohort-based criteria***, %	3.8 (0.8–6.7)	5.9 (0–13.8)	3.2 (0.1–6.2)	0.819

Notes: Data are shown as mean values ± standard deviations for quantitative variables and percentages (95% confidence interval) for categorical variables. Values for the whole group were partially presented in our previous paper.⁸

*According to criteria proposed by Fried et al¹⁹ using the Minnesota Leisure Time Activity Questionnaire^22,23 for physical activity assessment. **According to criteria proposed by Saum et al²⁰ using a modified version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly (PAQE)²¹ for physical activity assessment. ***According to modified Saum et al criteria²⁰ with cut-off values based on the lowest-quintile approach for weakness, slowness, physical activity (modified version of the PAQE²¹ used for physical activity assessment) and ≥5% one-year unintentional weight loss in the cohort.

Abbreviations: EP, met composite endpoint; NE, did not meet composite endpoint.

Figure 1 Probability of composite endpoint (CE)-free survival in subjects classified according to: (A) age, (B) total number of medications and supplements (TNMS), (C) usual pace gait speed (UPGS), and (D) Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The CE included the following adverse events: fall, hospitalization, institutionalization and death.

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