The Effect of Sociodemographics, Physical Function, and Mood on Dementia Screening in a Multicultural Cohort

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample Characteristics According to Race/Ethnicity

	Overall Sample (N=304)	White Subjects (N=108)	Black Subjects (N=57)	Hispanic Subjects (N=139)	Overall Difference
Age, mean±SD	70.8±0.5	70.8±0.8	72.4±1.1	69.9±0.7	P=0.185
Female, %	71.1	54.6	78.9	79.9	P<0.001
Low SES, %	18.3	3.7	10.9	32.8	P<0.001
Hollingshead index, mean±SD	39.3±1.1	28.6±1.6	38.8±2.2	48.8±1.4	P<0.001
Comorbidities, mean±SD	5.7±0.1	5.8±0.2	6.0±0.3	5.5±1.2	P=0.216
Depression, mean±SD	5.4±0.2	4.9±0.4	5.2±0.5	6.2±0.4	P=0.024
Mini-PPT, mean±SD	11.8±0.2	12.6±0.3	9.9±0.4	12.1±0.2	P<0.001
MoCA, mean±SD	22.3±0.3	24.3±0.5	21.0±0.7	21.2±0.5	P<0.001
AD8, mean±SD	1.9±0.1	1.6±0.2	1.8±0.3	2.3±0.2	P=0.017
Animal naming, mean±SD	16.4±0.4	18.4±0.7	15.4±0.8	15.6±0.6	P=0.003
TMA, mean±SD	48.1±2.2	40.1±3.6	58.9±4.7	49.2±3.3	P=0.006

Notes: Between-group differences tested with one-way ANOVA (continuous variables) and with Chi-Square (categorical variables). Significant relationships are highlighted in bold.

Table 2 Factors Contributing to Global Cognitive Performance Disparities Based on Race/Ethnicity, Age, and Sex

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
	β±SE	P value	β±SE	P value	β±SE	P value	β±SE	P value	β±SE	P value
Intercept	22.82±1.22	<0.001	18.58±1.47	<0.001	12.27±2.07	<0.001	23.48±1.29	<0.001	10.75±2.25	<0.001
Whites	0		0		0		0		0
Blacks	−3.67±0.86	<0.001	−3.07±0.86	<0.001	−1.72±0.88	0.051	−3.47±0.86	<0.001	−1.62±0.86	0.061
Hispanics	−3.74±0.69	<0.001	−2.49±0.73	<0.001	−3.29±0.67	<0.001	−3.60±0.71	<0.001	−2.62±0.71	<0.001
Age < 67	0		0		0		0		0
Age 67–74	−1.11±0.72	0.127	−1.18±0.71	0.097	−0.69±0.69	0.323	−1.18±0.74	0.111	−0.96±0.69	0.165
Age ≥74	−2.33±0.72	0.001	−2.21±0.71	0.002	−0.13±0.77	0.868	−2.53±0.74	<0.001	−0.87±0.77	0.259
Sex	1.74±0.67	0.010	1.99±0.66	0.003	2.13±0.66	0.001	1.66±0.68	0.015	2.15±0.65	0.001
Low SES	–		0		–		–		0
Medium SES	–		3.39±0.82	<0.001	–		–		2.37±0.87	0.007
High SES	–		4.49±0.95	<0.001	–		–		3.11±0.99	0.002
Physical functionality	–		–		0.72±0.12	<0.001	–		0.64±0.12	<0.001
Depression	–		–		–		−0.09±0.08	0.238	0.04±0.08	0.573
R^2	0.128		0.193		0.223		0.142		0.262

Note: Significant relationships are highlighted in bold.

Table 3 Factors Contributing to Subjective Cognitive Complaints Disparities Based on Race/Ethnicity, Age, and Sex

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
	β±SE	P value	β±SE	P value	β±SE	P value	β±SE	P value	β±SE		P value
Intercept	1.61±0.47	<0.001	2.36±0.56	<0.001	3.17±0.81	<0.001	0.46±.0.43	0.289	1.33±0.80		0.100
Whites	0		0		0		0		0
Blacks	0.27±0.33	0.403	0.17±0.33	0.599	0.07±0.34	0.835	0.20±0.29	0.483	0.18±0.31		0.562
Hispanics	0.78±0.26	0.003	0.58±0.28	0.040	0.74±0.26	0.005	0.45±0.24	0.058	0.44±0.26		0.088
Age < 67	0		0		0		0		0
Age 67–74	−0.06±0.28	0.840	−0.01±0.27	0.990	−0.17±0.27	0.526	−0.22±0.25	0.381	−0.18±0.25		0.457
Age ≥74	0.33±0.28	0.234	0.30±0.27	0.269	−0.04±0.30	0.894	0.20±0.25	0.421	0.16±0.27		0.557
Sex	−1.10±0.26	0.695	−0.22±0.25	0.394	−0.14±0.26	0.590	−0.05±0.23	0.8387	−0.11±0.23		0.576
Low SES	–		0		–		–		0
Medium SES	–		−0.44±0.32	0.169	–		–		−0.49±0.31		0.115
High SES	–		−0.87±0.36	0.011	–		–		−0.61±0.35		0.084
Physical functionality	–		–		−0.11±0.04	0.014	–		−0.02±0.04		0.715
Depression	–		–		–		0.24±0.03	<0.001	0.22±0.03		<0.001
R^2	0.035		0.060		0.055		0.259		0.256

Note: Significant relationships are highlighted in bold.

Figure 1 Percent reduction in impact of race/ethnicity on cognitive performance due to SES and lower extremity function.

Figure 2 Mediation of race/ethnic (A) and age (B) differences in global cognitive performance by SES and lower extremity function. Estimates obtained with Barron and Kenny mediation analysis.

Figure 3 Mediation of race/ethnic differences in subjective cognitive complaints by SES and depressive symptoms. Estimates obtained with Barron and Kenny mediation analysis.