COVID-19: The Influence of ACE Genotype and ACE-I and ARBs on the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Elderly Patients

Figures & data

Figure 1 The effects of renin-angiotensin system during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Table 1 The Most Important ACE2 SNPs Related to Essential Hypertension

Disease	ACE2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Essential hypertension	rs1514283, rs2074192, rs233575, rs4646155, rs4646176, rs2285666, rs879922, rs2106809, rs4646188, rs4240157, rs4830542, rs2158083, rs879922
Cardiovascular death	rs2285666
Left ventricular hypertrophy	rs2106809, rs2074192, rs4646156, rs879922, rs4240157, rs233575
Atrial fibrillation	rs2106809
Dyslipidemia	rs1978124, rs2106809, rs233575, rs4646188, rs879922, rs2285666, rs4646142, rs4646155

Abbreviation: ACE2, angiotensin-converting eEnzyme 2.

Table 2 Interventional Clinical Trials Verifying the Influence of RAS Blocking on Course and Outcomes of COVID-19

Clinical Trial ID	Number of Participants	Intervention in Experimental Groups	Estimated Study Completion Date
NCT4343001	10,000	Aspirin vs Losartan vs Simvastatin	2021–08
NCT4328012	4000	Losartan vs Lopinavir/Ritonavir vs Hydroxychloroquine	2021–04-01
NCT4330300	2414	Replacing ACE-I and ARB	2021–03-01
NCT4359953	1600	Hydroxychloroquine vs Azithromycin vs Telmisartan	2021–06-01
NCT4356495	1057	Hydroxychloroquine vs Imatinib vs Favipiravir vs Telmisartan	2020–08-15
NCT4335786	651	Valsartan	2021–12
NCT4394117	605	ARB	2021–04-30
NCT4311177	580	Losartan	2021–04-01
NCT4366050	560	Ramipril	2021–04
NCT4329195	554	Discontinuation of RAS blocker therapy	2020–08-09
NCT4364893	500	Suspension of ACE-I and ARB	2020–12-01
NCT4351724	500	Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine vs Lopinavir/Ritonavir vs Rivaroxaban vs Thromboprophylaxis vs Candesartan vs non-RAS blocking antihypertensives vs Clazakizumab	2020–12-31
NCT4349410	500	Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin vs Hydroxychloroquine + Doxycycline vs Hydroxychloroquine + Clindamycin vs Hydroxychloroquine + Clindamycin + Primaquine vs Remdesivir vs Tocilizumab vs Methylprednisolone vs Interferon-Alpha2B vs Losartan vs Convalescent Serum	2020–11-11
NCT4355936	400	Telmisartan	2020–10-01
NCT4355429	230	Captopril	2020–08
NCT4351581	215	Discontinuation of ACE-I and ARB	2020–12
NCT4353596	208	Stopping/replacing ACE-I and ARB	2022–05-15
NCT4312009	200	Losartan	2021–04-01
NCT4340557	200	Losartan	2020–12-31
NCT4338009	152	Discontinuation of ACE-I and ARB	2020–12-31
NCT4345406	60	Captopril or Enalapril	2029–12-01
NCT4379310	54	ACE-I vs Calcium Channel Blocker	2020–05-08
NCT4335123	50	Losartan	2020–10
NCT4360551	40	Telmisartan	2021–06-30
NCT4357535	17	ARB or ACE-I	2020–05-03
NCT4364984	10	ARB, ACE-I or DRi	2021–08-01

Abbreviations: ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DRi, direct renin inhibitors; RAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.