The Severity of Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults Over a Five-Year Interval

Figures & data

Table 1 The Odds Radio of Variables Over a Five-Year Time Interval

Variables		2012/2013		2017/2018		χ^2	P*	OR (95% CI)
		n	%	n	%
Genetics	Negative	264	89.8	255	86.7	2.370	0.124	2.00 (0.85; 5.05)
	Positive	30	10.2	39	13.3
SBP [mmHg]	Normal	281	95.6	281	95.6	0.050	0.823	1.00 (0.37; 2.68)
	Elevated	13	4.4	13	4.4
DBP [mmHg]	Normal	289	98.3	284	96.6	1.455	0.228	2.67 (0.64; 15.61)
	Elevated	5	1.7	10	3.4
Waist circumference [cm]	Normal	165	56.1	137	46.6	11.391	0.001	2.56 (1.45; 4.68)
	Elevated	129	43.9	157	53.4
Glycemia [mg%]	≤99	260	88.4	265	90.1	0.432	0.511	0.76 (0.37; 1.53)
	>100	34	11.6	29	9.9
HDL-C [mg/dl]	Normal	280	95.2	272	92.5	1.750	0.186	1.80 (0.79; 4.37)
	Decreased	14	4.8	22	7.5
TG [mg/dl]	≤150	265	90.1	259	88.1	0.625	0.429	1.35 (0.69; 2.70)
	>150	29	9.9	35	11.9

Notes: χ²–chi-square test, p*–statistical significance.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; Genetics, family burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD); SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Table 2 Comparison of the Variables Over a Five-Year Time Interval

Variables		2012/2013		2017/2018		Z	P*	Η ^2
		n	%	n	%
Smoking	Never smoked	172	58.5	176	59.9	0.797	0.425	0.002
	Gave up smoking	68	23.1	66	22.4
	Smoke	54	18.4	52	17.7
Physical activity over 30 minutes a day (per week)	No activity	155	52.7	133	45.2	1.642	0.101	0.009
	1 time	39	13.3	29	9.9
	2 times	28	9.5	54	18.4
	3 times	24	8.2	33	11.2
	4 times	13	4.4	8	2.7
	5 times	19	6.5	22	7.5
	6 times	2	0.7	4	1.4
	7 times	14	4.8	11	3.7
BMI	Normal	165	56.1	139	47.3	4.041	0.000	0.056
	Overweight	105	35.7	117	39.8
	Obesity	24	8.2	38	12.9
TC [mg/dl]	≤190	114	38.8	107	36.4	0.492	0.623	0.001
	191–250	155	52.7	163	55.4
	>250	25	8.5	24	8.2
LDL-C [mg/dl]	≤115	135	45.9	152	51.7	0.913	0.361	0.003
	116–130	63	21.4	44	15.0
	>130	96	32.7	98	33.3
SCORE	<1%	178	60.5	93	31.6	13.144	0.000	0.588
	1%	79	26.9	38	12.9
	2%	18	6.1	128	43.5
	3–4%	17	5.8	21	7.1
	5–9%	2	0.7	12	4.1
	10–14%	0	0.0	2	0.7

Notes: Z–Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, p*–statistical significance, η²–effect size for the difference between the measurements.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SCORE, Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation.

Table 3 Comparison of the Average Values from Measurements Performed Over a Five-Year Time Interval

Variables	2012/2013		2017/2018		t	p*	d (95% CI)
	M	SD	M	SD
Arm circumference [cm]	28.51	3.77	28.97	3.96	−2.559	0.011	0.12 (0.04; 0.28)
Waist circumference [cm]	83.64	11.43	86.39	12.27	−6.093	0.000	0.24 (0.08; 0.40)
BMI	24.80	3.83	25.61	4.30	−5.252	0.000	0.21 (0.05; 0.37)
SBP [mmHg][mm]	114.67	11.36	115.24	12.85	−0.682	0.496	0.05 (−0.11; 0.21)
DBP [mmHg]	72.95	7.20	74.35	7.42	−2.802	0.005	0.19 (0.03; 0.36)
Heart rate [bpm]	72.85	7.14	71.41	5.81	3.614	0.000	0.20 (0.04; 0.36)
Glycemia [mg%]	90.05	8.18	89.75	8.72	0.598	0.550	0.04 (−0.13; 0.20)
TC [mg/dl]	202.49	35.04	204.00	34.89	−0.830	0.407	0.04 (−0.20; 0.21)
LDL-C [mg/dl]	118.95	31.63	117.37	32.76	0.834	0.405	0.05 (−0.11; 0.21)
HDL-C [mg/dl]	64.78	15.17	66.32	18.00	−1.833	0.068	0.10 (−0.06; 0.26)
TG [mg/dl]	93.86	47.21	102.45	58.41	−3.198	0.002	0.18 (0.02; 0.34)

Notes: p*–Student’s t-test, d–Cohen’s coefficient (effect size).

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Figure 1 Model of changes in body mass index (BMI) including sex and age group in the five-year observation of the subjects.

Figure 2 Model of changes in mean total cholesterol concentration (TC) including sex and age group in the five-year observation of the subjects.

Table 4 Changes in the Selected Factors with Regard to Sex Over a Five-Year Observation Period

Variables		Sex	2012/2013		2017/2018		χ^2	p*
			n	%	n	%
Genetics	Negative	Women	170	88.5	161	83.9	0.808	0.369
	Positive		22	11.5	31	16.1
	Negative	Men	94	92.2	94	92.2
	Positive		8	7.8	8	7.8
SBP [mmHg]	Normal	Women	185	96.4	190	99.0	0.163	0.686
	Elevated		7	3.6	2	1.0
	Normal	Men	96	94.1	91	89.2
	Elevated		6	5.9	11	10.8
DBP [mmHg]	Normal	Women	189	98.4	190	99.0	0.621	0.431
	Elevated		3	1.6	2	1.0
	Normal	Men	100	98.0	94	92.2
	Elevated		2	2.0	8	7.8
Waist circumference [cm]	Normal	Women	108	56.3	91	47.4	4.587	0.032
	Elevated		84	43.8	101	52.6
	Normal	Men	57	55.9	46	45.1
	Elevated		45	44.1	56	54.9
Glycemia [mg%]	≤99	Women	173	90.1	179	93.2	0.878	0.349
	>100		19	9.9	13	6.8
	≤99	Men	87	85.3	86	84.3
	>100		15	14.7	16	15.7
HDL-C [mg/dl]	Normal	Women	184	95.8	180	93.8	1.064	0.302
	Decreased		8	4.2	12	6.3
	Normal	Men	96	94.1	92	90.2
	Decreased		6	5.9	10	9.8
TG [mg/dl]	≤150	Women	186	96.9	180	93.8	0.302	0.583
	>150		6	3.1	12	6.3
	≤150	Men	79	77.5	79	77.5
	>150		23	22.5	23	22.5

Notes: χ²–chi-square test, p*–statistical significance.

Abbreviations: Genetics, family burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD); SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, C-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.