Association of leisure-time physical activity with cognition by apolipoprotein-E genotype in persons aged 60 years and over: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III)

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the sample (percent by leisure-time physical activity)

Leisure-time physical activity	Yes	No	P value
Age (years)
60–69	60.22	39.78	0.0134
≥70	53.66	46.34
Gender
Men	56.89	43.11	<0.0001
Women	49.67	50.33
Ethnicity
White	61.55	38.35	<0.0001
Black	32.81	67.19
Mexican	38.94	61.06
Other	32.22	67.78
Education (years)
<12	47.00	53.00	0.0002
12	59.05	40.95
>12	66.67	33.33
Body mass index
<25	56.87	43.13	0.9651
25–29	57.40	42.60
≥30	56.13	43.87

Figure 1 Mean short mental state examination (SMSE) score by physical activity and apolipoprotein E genotype (age 60 to 69 years).

Figure 2 Mean short mental state examination (SMSE) score by leisure-time physical activity and apolipoprotein E genotype (age ≥ 70 years).

Table 2 Regression analysis dependent variable: short mental state examination (age 60–69 years)

Variables	Age and ethnicity adjusted (model 1)			Model 1 plus chronic disease (model 2)			Model 2 plus education and BMI (model 3)			Model 3 plus mobility limitation (model 4)
	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
Non-ɛ4 carriers (n = 585)
R-squared (%)	(9.8)			(9.6)			(16.1)			(17.5)
Aerobic activity	0.68 ± 0.23	0.21 ± 1.15	0.006	0.68 ± 0.23	0.21 ± 1.15	0.007	0.52 ± 0.18	0.16 ± 0.89	0.007	0.43 ± 0.16	0.10 ± 0.76	0.014
Age	−0.04 ± 0.03	0.03 ± −0.09	0.144	−0.04 ± 0.02	−0.09 ± 0.01	0.125	−0.03 ± 0.02	−0.08 ± 0.02	0.198	−0.03 ± 0.02	−0.08 ± 0.02	0.224
Ethnicity
Whites	0.24 ± 0.40	0.40 ± −0.58	0.550	0.23 ± 0.41	−0.61 ± 1.07	0.577	0.27 ± 0.37	−0.49 ± 1.03	0.475	0.28 ± 0.38	−0.50 ± 1.05	0.466
Black	−0.94 ± 0.53	0.53 ± −2.03	0.089	−0.94 ± 0.54	−2.06 ± 0.18	0.095	−0.68 ± 0.52	−1.76 ± 0.40	0.206	−0.61 ± 0.52	−1.69 ± 0.47	0.253
Hispanic	−1.13 ± 0.49	0.49 ± −2.14	0.029	−1.13 ± 0.49	−2.14 ± 0.12	0.030	−0.70 ± 0.49	−1.70 ± 0.31	0.166	−0.70 ± 0.51	−1.75 ± 0.36	0.185
Chronic disease				−0.08 ± 0.38	−0.86 ± 0.70	0.837	0.07 ± 0.41	−0.77 ± 0.92	0.857	0.10 ± 0.40	−0.73 ± 0.93	0.803
LogBMI							0.37 ± 0.69	−1.05 ± 1.80	0.593	0.50 ± 0.69	−0.93 ± 1.94	0.476
Education							0.60 ± 0.12	0.36 ± 0.84	<0.001	0.56 ± 0.11	0.34 ± 0.78	<0.001
Mobility limitation										−0.51 ± 0.30	−1.13 ± 0.1	0.100
ɛ4 carriers (n = 210)
R-squared (%)	(5.7)			(7.8)			(18.2)			(18.5)
Aerobic activity	0.15 ± 0.24	−0.35 ± 0.64	0.539	0.18 ± 0.24	−0.32 ± 0.68	0.464	0.01 ± 0.23	−0.47 ± 0.50	0.950	0.04 ± 0.26	−0.57 ± 0.49	0.887
Age	−0.04 ± 0.04	−0.12 ± 0.05	0.380	−0.04 ± 0.04	−0.13 ± 0.05	0.402	−0.05 ± 0.04	−0.13 ± 0.03	0.243	−0.05 ± 0.04	−0.13 ± 0.04	0.260
Ethnicity
White	0.05 ± 0.52	−1.03 ± 1.13	0.924	0.03 ± 0.49	−0.97 ± 1.04	0.949	−0.28 ± 0.45	−1.22 ± 0.66	0.541	−0.27 ± 0.45	−1.20 ± 0.66	0.554
Black	−0.56 ± 0.56	−1.71 ± 0.59	0.323	−0.54 ± 0.50	−1.58 ± 0.51	0.300	−0.77 ± 0.43	−1.67 ± 0.12	0.861	−0.77 ± 0.42	−1.64 ± 0.11	0.083
Hispanic	−1.86 ± 0.81	−3.54 ± −0.18	0.316	−1.76 ± 0.78	−3.38 ± −0.14	0.034	−1.66 ± 0.64	−2.99 ± −0.33	0.017	−1.57 ± 0.64	−2.89 ± −0.24	0.023
Chronic disease				−0.72 ± 0.32	−1.39 ± −0.05	0.035	−0.73 ± 0.23	−1.21 ± −0.26	0.004	−0.71 ± 0.23	−1.18 ± −0.23	0.006
LogBMI							0.34 ± 0.77	−1.26 ± 1.94	0.661	0.41 ± 0.72	−1.08 ± 1.91	0.574
Education							0.73 ± 0.31	0.09 ± 1.36	0.027	0.72 ± 0.31	0.07 ± 1.36	0.032
Mobility limitation										−0.24 ± 0.38	−1.03 ± 0.56	0.545

Notes: Significant level for alpha was set at <0.05; model P values are all <0.0001; serious chronic illnesses included history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, cancer, diabetes, and stroke.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Regression analysis dependent variable: short mental state examination (age ≥ 70 years)

Variables	Age and ethnicity adjusted (model 1)			Model 1 plus chronic disease (model 2)			Model 2 plus education and BMI (model 3)			Model 3 plus mobility limitation (model 4)
	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
Non-ɛ4 carriers (n = 700)
R-squared (%)	(12.7)			(13.3)			(18.9)			(21.1)
Aerobic activity	0.67 ± 0.23	0.20, 1.15	0.007	0.63 ± 0.25	0.12, 1.15	0.018	0.56 ± 0.23	0.09, 1.03	0.022	0.37 ± 0.23	−0.10, 0.85	0.117
Age	−0.08 ± 0.01	−0.11, −0.05	<0.001	−0.07 ± 0.01	−0.10, −0.04	<0.001	−0.06 ± 0.02	−0.09, −0.02	0.002	−0.04 ± 0.02	−0.08, −0.01	0.024
Ethnicity
White	0.73 ± 0.95	−1.23, 2.69	0.446	0.77 ± 0.94	−1.18, 2.72	0.420	0.30 ± 0.79	−1.34, 1.93	0.711	0.34 ± 0.69	−1.10, 1.78	0.629
Black	−1.40 ± 0.97	−3.41, 0.61	0.163	−1.32 ± 0.96	−3.30, 0.66	0.180	−1.24 ± 0.79	−2.88, 0.41	0.133	−1.20 ± 0.69	−2.63, 0.22	0.094
Hispanic	−1.25 ± 1.03	−3.39, 0.89	0.238	−1.11 ± 1.04	−3.27, 1.05	0.297	−1.07 ± 0.89	−2.91, 0.77	0.241	−1.01 ± 0.79	−2.65, 0.62	0.212
Chronic disease				−0.61 ± 0.39	−1.41, 0.19	0.130	−0.61 ± 0.41	−1.46, 0.25	0.158	−0.52 ± 0.39	−1.32, 0.28	0.189
LogBMI							0.75 ± 0.74	−0.79, 2.28	0.324	0.96 ± 0.77	−0.64, 2.55	0.227
Education							−0.61 ± 0.41	−1.46, 0.25	0.158	0.69 ± 0.11	0.46, 0.91	<0.001
Mobility limitation										0.37 ± 0.2	−1.11, −0.46	0.117
ɛ4 Carriers (n = 214)
R-squared (%)	(16.9)			(17.6)			(21.2)			(22.6)
Aerobic activity	0.52 ± 0.33	−0.17, 1.21	0.136	0.69 ± 0.36	−0.06, 1.43	0.067	0.58 ± 0.35	−0.14, 1.30	0.109	0.31 ± 0.42	−0.56, 1.17	0.470
Age	−0.18 ± 0.05	−0.28, −0.08	0.001	−0.17 ± 0.05	−0.27, −0.08	0.001	−0.16 ± 0.04	−0.24, −0.07	0.001	−0.14 ± 0.04	−0.23, −0.05	0.003
Ethnicity
Whites	1.29 ± 1.37	−1.55, 4.13	0.358	1.48 ± 1.40	−1.42, 4.38	0.302	1.22 ± 1.59	−2.07, 4.51	0.452	1.29 ± 1.61	−2.04, 4.63	0.431
Blacks	0.07 ± 1.42	−2.87, 3.0	0.963	0.22 ± 1.43	−2.75, 3.18	0.882	0.12 ± 1.50	−2.99, 3.22	0.938	0.28 ± 1.53	−2.90, 3.45	0.858
Hispanic	0.73 ± 1.32	−1.99, 3.46	0.582	0.83 ± 1.34	−1.95, 3.60	0.543	0.82 ± 1.34	−1.96, 3.59	0.549	0.81 ± 1.34	−1.96, 3.58	0.550
Chronic disease				0.70 ± 0.50	−0.33, 1.72	0.174	0.53 ± 0.48	−0.46, 1.52	0.280	0.54 ± 0.50	−0.49, 1.57	0.289
LogBMI							2.18 ± 0.93	0.25, 4.11	0.029	2.46 ± 0.98	0.43, 4.50	0.020
Education							2.18 ± 0.93	0.25, 4.11	0.029	0.41 ± 0.30	−0.21, 1.02	0.183
Mobility limitation										−0.77 ± 0.49	−1.80, 0.25	0.133

Notes: Significant level for alpha was set at <0.05; model P values are all <0.0001; serious chronic illnesses included history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, cancer, diabetes, and stroke.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.