Reference Values of Gait Speed and Gait Spatiotemporal Parameters for a South East Asian Population: The Yishun Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographical Data of Participants

Variables	Mean (SD) or n(%)			p value
	Men (n=221)	Women (n=286)
Age (years)^a	64.00^b	60.50^b		0.33
Height (cm)	166.81(6.97)	155.26(6.41)		<0.01
Age group, n(%)
21–30	28(12.70)	32(11.20)		0.58
31–40	26(11.80)	34(11.90)
41–50	20(9.00)	40(14.00)
51–60	20(9.00)	37(12.90)
61–65	29(13.10)	29(10.10)
66–70	23(10.40)	29(10.10)
71–75	29(13.10)	29(10.10)
76–80	24(10.90)	28(9.80)
≥81	22(10.00)	28(9.80)
Education (years)^a	10^b	9^b		0.10
Ethnicity, n(%)
Chinese	180(81.40)	230(80.40)		0.94
Malay	18(8.10)	27(9.40)
Indian	17(7.70)	20(7.00)
Others	6(2.70)	9(3.10)
Chronic disease, n(%)
Diabetes	38(17.20)	37(12.90)		0.21
Hypertension	80(36.20)	96(33.60)		0.57
Hypercholesterolemia	83(37.60)	102(35.70)		0.71
Heart disease	27(12.20)	9(3.10)		<0.01
Asthma	10(4.50)	10(3.50)		0.65
Kidney disease	5(2.30)	5(1.70)		0.75
Depression	1(0.50)	6(2.10)		0.14
Osteoporosis	3(1.40)	14(4.90)		0.04
Visual problem	17(7.70)	14(4.90)		0.20
Hearing problem	10(4.50)	10(3.50)		0.65

Notes: ^aMann–Whitney U-test; ^bmedian.

Table 2 Comparison of Gait Parameters Between Men and Women

Variables	Mean (SD)		Mean Difference (95% CI)	p value
	Men (n=221)	Women (n=286)
Gait speed (cm/s)	106.41(20.04)	106.79(18.86)	−0.37(−3.80,3.07)	0.83
Height-adjusted gait speed (s^−1)	0.64(0.12)	0.69(0.11)	−0.05(−0.07,−0.03)	<0.01
Step length (cm)	57.60(9.31)	55.39(7.14)	2.21(0.73,3.70)	<0.01
Height-adjusted step length	0.34(0.05)	0.36(0.04)	−0.01(−0.02,<−0.01)	0.01
Step width (cm)	59.36(8.64)	56.59(6.80)	2.77(1.42,4.12)	<0.01
Height-adjusted step width	0.36(0.05)	0.36(0.04)	−0.01(−0.02,<0.01)	0.02
Stride width (cm)	10.74(3.11)	9.37(2.68)	1.37(0.86,1.87)	<0.01
Feet external rotation (°)	8.51(6.23)	4.60(5.62)	3.91(2.87,4.95)	<0.01
Stance time (%GC)	62.09(1.87)	61.79(1.84)	0.30(<−0.02,0.63)	0.07
Single support time (s)	0.41(0.04)	0.40(0.03)	0.01(0.01,0.02)	<0.01
Double support time (s)	0.27(0.05)	0.25(0.06)	0.02(0.01,0.03)	<0.01
Cadence (steps/min)	111(10)	115(11)	−5(−6,−3)	<0.01
Height-adjusted cadence	1428(119)	1434(133)	−6(−28,16)	0.58

Abbreviations: Mean (SD), mean (standard deviation); Stance time (%GC), percentage of stance time out of gait cycle.

Table 3 Mean (SD) of Gait Parameters for Men of Different Age Groups

Parameters	Overall (n=221)	Age Group
		21–30 (n=28)	31–40 (n=26)	41–50 (n=20)	51–60 (n=20)	61–65 (n=29)	66–70 (n=23)	71–75 (n=29)	76–80 (n=24)	≥81 (n=22)	p value for Trend
Height (cm)	166.81(6.97)	172.63(6.73)	170.04(5.03)	167.68(6.34)^a	169.26(7.16)	166.20(5.77)^a,b	165.73(4.69)^a,b	164.52(6.23)^a,b,d	162.60(7.06)^a,b,c,d,e	162.16(6.89)^a,b,c,d,e	<0.01
Spatial
GS (cm/s)	106.41(20.04)	114.47(15.44)	111.77(18.66)	113.76(15.69)	113.95(18.31)	111.88(18.67)	111.29(17.03)	99.00(14.68)^a,b,c,d,e,f	97.92(19.10)^a,b,c,d,e,f	83.05(21.86)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h	<0.01
Height-adjusted GS (s^−1)	0.64(0.12)	0.66(0.08)	0.66(0.11)	0.68(0.10)	0.67(0.10)	0.67(0.12)	0.67(0.11)	0.60(0.09)^a,c,d,e,f	0.60(0.12)^a,c,d,e,f	0.51(0.13)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h	<0.01
Step length (cm)	57.60(9.31)	62.95(6.42)	60.96(7.06)	61.35(6.09)	61.16(7.69)	60.63(7.86)	59.73(5.99)	54.15(6.84)^a,b,c,d,e,f	51.34(7.58)^a,b,c,d,e,f	45.35(12.22)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h	<0.01
Height-adjusted step length	0.34(0.05)	0.36(0.03)	0.36(0.04)	0.37(0.04)	0.36(0.04)	0.36(0.05)	0.36(0.04)	0.33(0.04)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.32(0.05)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.28(0.07)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h	<0.01
Step width (cm)	59.36(8.64)	64.39(6.14)	62.62(6.83)	63.05(5.60)	62.62(7.33)	62.27(7.28)	61.03(5.76)	55.84(6.48)^a,b,c,d,e,f	53.36(6.91)^a,b,c,d,e,f	48.40(10.85)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Height-adjusted step width	0.36(0.05)	0.37(0.03)	0.37(0.04)	0.38(0.03)	0.37(0.03)	0.37(0.04)	0.37(0.04)	0.34(0.04)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.33(0.04)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.30(0.06)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h	<0.01
Stride width (cm)	10.74(3.11)	11.05(3.75)	10.80(3.05)	11.43(2.57)	10.13(2.93)	10.55(3.55)	9.31(2.19)	10.19(2.76)	10.92(2.67)	12.48(3.43)	0.06
Feet external rotation (°)	8.51(6.23)	4.44(5.98)	8.88(5.08)^a	7.86(5.90)	7.96(4.96)^a	8.28(5.27)^a	8.78(7.19)^a	9.57(6.52)^a	9.98(7.24)^a	11.36(5.90)^a	0.01
Temporal
Stance time (%GC)	62.09(1.87)	61.54(1.17)	62.14(1.56)	62.03(1.48)	61.23(1.20)	61.33(1.64)	61.51(1.35)	62.39(1.52)^d,e	62.97(2.05)^a,d,e,f	63.79(3.04)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Single support time (s)	0.41(0.04)	0.43(0.03)	0.42(0.02)	0.41(0.02)	0.42(0.02)	0.42(0.03)	0.42(0.03)	0.41(0.03)	0.39(0.04)^a,b,d,e,f,g	0.40(0.06)^a,e	0.02
Double support time (s)	0.27(0.05)	0.26(0.04)	0.27(0.05)	0.26(0.04)	0.25(0.04)	0.25(0.05)	0.25(0.05)	0.27(0.05)	0.28(0.07)	0.30(0.08)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.01
Cadence (steps/min)	111(10)	109(8)	109(9)	111(7)	111(7)	110(8)	111(11)	110(9)	114(11)	111(14)	0.77
Height-adjusted cadence	1428(119)	1430(111)	1427(110)	1436(90)	1449(97)	1421(98)	1435(142)	1406(116)	1452(136)	1408(169)	0.91

Notes: ^aSignificantly difference from the value of the age group 21–30; ^bsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 31–40; ^csignificantly difference from the value of the age group 41–50; ^dsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 51–60; ^esignificantly difference from the value of the age group 61–65; ^fsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 66–70; ^gsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 71–75; ^hsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 76–80.

Abbreviations: Mean (SD), mean (standard deviation); cm/s, centimeter/second; stance time (%GC), percentage of stance time out of gait cycle; cm, centimeter; s, second; GS, gait speed.

Table 4 Mean (SD) of Gait Parameters for Women of Different Age Groups

Parameters	Overall (n=286)	Age Group
		21–30 (n=32)	31–40 (n=34)	41–50 (n=40)	51–60 (n=37)	61–65 (n=29)	66–70 (n=29)	71–75 (n=29)	76–80 (n=28)	≥81 (n=28)	p value for Trend
Height (cm)	155.26(6.41)	160.38(5.44)	158.52(5.55)	157.09(6.70)^a	156.92(5.60)^a	155.51(4.90)^a,b	153.63(4.99)^a,b,c,d	153.34(4.95)^a,b,c,d	150.95(5.75)^a,b,c,d,e	148.33(4.19)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Spatial
GS (cm/s)	106.79(18.86)	113.81(17.66)	113.79(13.20)	117.21(19.83)	113.90(16.07)	108.25(14.29)^c	108.55(14.68)^c	100.92(13.53)^a,b,c,d	89.02(17.51)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	84.47(13.75)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Height-adjusted GS (s^−1)	0.69(0.11)	0.71(0.11)	0.72(0.08)	0.75(0.13)	0.73(0.10)	0.70(0.09)^c	0.71(0.10)	0.66(0.09)^a,b,c,d	0.59(0.11)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	0.58(0.10)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Step length (cm)	55.39(7.14)	59.67(5.96)	59.53(4.45)	58.84(5.67)	57.95(5.48)	56.87(5.35)^a	55.13(4.23)^a,b,c,d	52.54(5.41)^a,b,c,d,e	47.87(7.67)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	46.39(4.96)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Height-adjusted step length	0.36(0.04)	0.37(0.03)	0.38(0.02)	0.37(0.03)	0.37(0.03)	0.37(0.03)	0.36(0.02)^b,c	0.34(0.03)^a,b,c,d,e	0.32(0.05)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	0.31(0.04)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Step width (cm)	56.59(6.80)	60.66(5.92)	60.67(4.47)	59.83(5.49)	59.07(5.48)	58.03(5.12)^b	56.03(4.06)^a,b,c,d	53.73(5.03)^a,b,c,d,e	49.50(6.88)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	48.23(4.67)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Height-adjusted step width	0.36(0.04)	0.38(0.03)	0.38(0.02)	0.38(0.03)	0.38(0.03)	0.37(0.03)	0.36(0.02)^b,c	0.35(0.03)^a,b,c,d,e	0.33(0.04)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	0.33(0.03)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Stride width (cm)	9.37(2.68)	9.97(2.46)	9.80(2.90)	9.09(2.37)	9.10(2.61)	9.23(2.62)	7.98(2.58)^a,b	8.89(2.39)	9.72(2.99)^f	10.66(2.71)^c,d,e,f,g	0.01
Feet external rotation (°)	4.60(5.62)	0.49(5.43)	3.55(4.19)^a	3.39(5.44)^a	5.95(4.65)^a,c	4.84(5.68)^a	4.63(6.47)^a	6.08(4.78)^a,c	6.39(5.96)^a,b,c	6.93(5.73)^a,b,c	<0.01
Temporal
Stance time (%GC)	61.79(1.84)	60.98(1.40)	61.14(1.60)	61.31(1.74)	61.58(1.49)	61.73(1.45)	61.81(1.37)	61.57(1.38)	63.41(2.42)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	63.09(2.21)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Single support time (s)	0.40(0.03)	0.42(0.04)	0.41(0.02)^b,c	0.39(0.03)^a,b	0.39(0.02)^a,b	0.40(0.03)	0.39(0.03)^a,b	0.40(0.03)	0.40(0.03)^a	0.40(0.04)	<0.05
Double support time (s)	0.25(0.06)	0.24(0.07)	0.24(0.05)	0.23(0.06)	0.24(0.04)	0.25(0.05)	0.24(0.05)	0.24(0.04)	0.29(0.08)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	0.29(0.08)^a,b,c,d,e,f,g	<0.01
Cadence (steps/min)	115(11)	114(12)	114(7)	119(13)	117(8)	114(9)	118(12)	115(10)	111(11)^c,d,f	112(13)^c,d,f	0.04
Height-adjusted cadence	1434(133)	1442(144)	1440(93)	1490(157)	1470(98)	1421(108)^c	1460(138)	1424(113)^c	1367(130)^a,b,c,d,f	1359(154)^a,b,c,d,f	<0.01

Notes: ^aSignificantly difference from the value of the age group 21–30; ^bsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 31–40; ^csignificantly difference from the value of the age group 41–50; ^dsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 51–60; ^esignificantly difference from the value of the age group 61–65; ^fsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 66–70; ^gsignificantly difference from the value of the age group 71–75.

Abbreviations: Mean (SD), mean (standard deviation); cm/s, centimeter/second; stance time (%GC), percentage of stance time out of gait cycle; cm, centimeter; s, second; GS, gait speed.

Table 5 Results of Two-Way ANOVA, the Interaction Between Sex and Chronic Diseases for the Gait Parameters

		Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
		Mean (95% CI)	F	p value	Mean (95% CI)	F	p value	Mean (95% CI)	F	p value	Mean (95% CI)	F	p value
Height-adjusted GS (s^−1)	Men	0.63(0.62,0.65)	30.76	<0.01	0.61(0.59,0.63)	<0.01	0.98	0.58(0.55,0.61)	3.75	>0.05	0.55(0.51,0.60)	3.64	0.06
	Women	0.69(0.68,0.70)			0.66(0.64,0.69)			0.65(0.62,0.68)			0.62(0.58,0.66)
Height-adjusted step length	Men	0.34(0.34,0.35)	13.88	<0.01	0.33(0.32,0.34)	0.22	0.64	0.32(0.31,0.33)	4.51	0.03	0.30(0.28,0.32)	4.44	0.04
	Women	0.36(0.35,0.36)			0.34(0.34,0.35)			0.34(0.33,0.35)			0.33(0.31,0.34)
Double support time (s)	Men	0.27(0.26,0.27)	10.97	<0.01	0.27(0.26,0.29)	<0.01	0.99	0.28(0.27,0.30)	2.93	0.09	0.29(0.26,0.31)	4.69	0.03
	Women	0.25(0.24,0.26)			0.26(0.25,0.27)			0.26(0.25,0.28)			0.26(0.24,0.29)
Single support time (s)	Men	0.41(0.41,0.42)	17.11	<0.01	0.41(0.40,0.42)	0.13	0.72	0.41(0.40,0.41)	<0.01	0.96	0.41(0.40,0.42)	<0.01	0.97
	Women	0.40(0.40,0.41)			0.40(0.39,0.40)			0.40(0.39,0.41)			0.40(0.39,0.41)
Stride width (cm)	Men	10.75(10.37,11.13)	28.57	<0.01	11.09(10.45,11.72)	0.02	0.89	11.36(10.59,12.13)	0.17	0.68	12.26(11.10,13.41)	0.22	0.64
	Women	9.37(9.03,9.70)			9.69(9.07,10.30)			9.65(8.91,10.39)			9.84(8.70,10.98)
Feet external rotation (°)	Men	8.63(7.86,9.40)	62.24	<0.01	9.40(8.12,10.68)	0.15	0.70	9.02(7.47,10.57)	0.38	0.54	9.56(7.24,11.89)	0.46	0.50
	Women	4.51(3.83,5.18)			5.08(3.83,6.32)			5.56(4.07,7.05)			7.09(4.80,9.37)

Notes: Model 1, main sex effect, adjusted for education; Model 2, main sex effect and interaction between sex and hypertension, adjusted for education; Model 3, main sex effect and interaction between sex, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, adjusted for education; Model 4, main sex effect and interaction between sex, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, adjusted for education.

Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; GS, gait speed.

Table 6 Quintile of Gait Parameters for Men of Different Age Groups

Gait Parameters	Percentile	Overall (n=221)	Age Group
			21–30 (n=28)	31–40 (n=26)	41–50 (n=20)	51–60 (n=20)	61–65 (n=29)	66–70 (n=23)	71–75 (n=29)	76–80 (n=24)	≥81 (n=22)
GS (cm/s)	80	123.83	125.30	126.83	129.78	130.36	132.22	126.35	108.74	112.57	100.81
	60	111.30	117.90	120.69	113.73	118.02	116.93	116.81	103.14	103.93	93.01
	40	103.10	110.09	108.09	107.73	109.22	108.10	109.08	96.50	95.92	73.20
	20	89.88	103.33	89.13	99.36	94.52	95.86	97.10	86.43	78.65	62.94
Height-adjusted GS (s^−1)	80	0.74	0.71	0.76	0.77	0.78	0.78	0.78	0.66	0.68	0.61
	60	0.67	0.68	0.69	0.70	0.71	0.70	0.70	0.63	0.65	0.57
	40	0.61	0.65	0.64	0.65	0.62	0.66	0.66	0.59	0.60	0.46
	20	0.55	0.61	0.52	0.58	0.58	0.60	0.57	0.54	0.50	0.39
Step length (cm)	80	64.67	68.99	66.46	66.64	68.31	66.34	64.43	62.82	57.69	59.84
	60	61.24	63.86	62.81	62.93	62.75	63.26	63.08	54.64	51.54	51.56
	40	56.39	60.69	58.54	59.99	58.30	59.69	59.56	52.49	49.46	41.30
	20	51.07	57.71	54.23	55.09	54.10	55.05	54.75	47.51	44.81	31.86
Height-adjusted step length	80	0.39	0.38	0.40	0.41	0.40	0.41	0.40	0.37	0.36	0.35
	60	0.36	0.36	0.38	0.37	0.37	0.38	0.38	0.34	0.32	0.32
	40	0.34	0.36	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.36	0.36	0.32	0.31	0.24
	20	0.31	0.35	0.32	0.33	0.32	0.33	0.32	0.30	0.28	0.20
Step width (cm)	80	66.17	69.71	67.72	67.73	69.34	68.25	65.57	64.37	58.73	61.99
	60	62.74	65.56	64.09	64.27	63.88	64.18	64.11	56.11	54.54	52.81
	40	58.03	62.75	60.70	61.82	60.43	60.73	60.82	54.55	51.06	44.08
	20	53.28	59.23	55.85	56.60	56.21	56.41	56.41	48.91	46.76	37.22
Height-adjusted step width	80	0.39	0.39	0.40	0.42	0.41	0.42	0.41	0.38	0.37	0.36
	60	0.37	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.39	0.39	0.34	0.34	0.33
	40	0.35	0.37	0.36	0.36	0.36	0.37	0.36	0.33	0.32	0.26
	20	0.32	0.35	0.33	0.35	0.34	0.35	0.33	0.32	0.29	0.24
Stride width (cm)	80	13.27	15.19	13.47	13.45	11.67	13.05	11.04	13.04	13.24	15.09
	60	11.27	11.37	11.34	11.91	10.24	11.46	9.86	10.90	11.90	13.83
	40	9.84	10.07	10.09	9.98	9.28	9.87	8.90	8.93	10.31	12.23
	20	8.29	7.90	8.16	8.93	8.31	6.75	7.26	8.04	8.16	10.99
Feet external rotation (°)	80	13.49	9.08	13.55	13.89	13.00	13.16	15.50	15.99	16.56	15.44
	60	10.59	6.04	11.30	10.39	9.11	9.31	10.65	10.98	11.31	13.37
	40	6.86	2.63	9.17	6.00	6.47	5.53	8.27	8.99	9.63	8.67
	20	3.37	−1.17	3.13	2.34	3.39	3.72	2.69	4.77	3.80	6.41
Stance time (%GC)	80	63.39	62.62	63.77	63.45	62.31	62.72	62.53	63.70	65.09	66.36
	60	62.27	61.84	62.19	62.64	61.56	61.29	61.80	62.88	63.45	65.03
	40	61.48	61.08	61.53	61.54	60.75	60.65	61.38	61.61	62.29	62.30
	20	60.56	60.36	60.81	61.16	60.25	60.20	60.47	60.97	61.37	60.85
Single support time (s)	80	0.44	0.45	0.44	0.42	0.44	0.44	0.45	0.45	0.42	0.46
	60	0.42	0.44	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.38	0.41
	40	0.40	0.42	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.42	0.41	0.40	0.38	0.38
	20	0.38	0.40	0.40	0.39	0.40	0.40	0.38	0.38	0.36	0.33
Double support time (s)	80	0.30	0.28	0.33	0.30	0.28	0.28	0.30	0.30	0.32	0.37
	60	0.27	0.25	0.27	0.28	0.25	0.25	0.27	0.29	0.28	0.31
	40	0.25	0.24	0.25	0.25	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.27	0.26	0.27
	20	0.22	0.23	0.22	0.23	0.22	0.21	0.21	0.24	0.24	0.25
Cadence (steps/min)	80	118	115	118	118	118	117	120	115	126	127
	60	113	112	113	111	113	111	116	113	119	114
	40	109	107	109	109	111	109	107	107	113	106
	20	103	102	101	105	103	105	101	103	103	97
Height-adjusted cadence	80	1527	1517	1531	1504	1533	1495	1549	1500	1577	1603
	60	1459	1464	1463	1437	1453	1451	1485	1423	1503	1432
	40	1400	1398	1418	1412	1432	1410	1399	1381	1403	1368
	20	1336	1336	1317	1368	1344	1367	1306	1330	1341	1257

Abbreviations: Mean (SD), mean (standard deviation); cm/s, centimeter/second; stance time (%GC), percentage of stance time out of gait cycle; cm, centimeter; s, second; GS, gait speed.

Table 7 Quintile of Gait Parameters for Women of Different Age Groups

Gait Parameters	Percentile	Overall (n=286)	Age Group
			21–30 (n=32)	31–40 (n=34)	41–50 (n=40)	51–60 (n=37)	61–65 (n=29)	66–70 (n=29)	71–75 (n=29)	76–80 (n=28)	≥81 (n=28)
GS (cm/s)	80	121.01	127.70	124.21	134.86	127.65	118.92	122.30	114.91	104.54	97.80
	60	112.82	120.37	117.45	119.10	117.59	112.98	110.34	107.05	93.67	94.59
	40	102.60	115.22	112.92	113.44	108.09	102.51	105.85	97.27	83.85	85.55
	20	92.01	103.41	98.08	102.57	100.56	97.85	94.60	87.62	76.23	69.83
Height-adjusted GS (s^−1)	80	0.77	0.79	0.78	0.87	0.82	0.76	0.79	0.72	0.70	0.68
	60	0.72	0.76	0.74	0.75	0.75	0.71	0.73	0.70	0.61	0.63
	40	0.66	0.72	0.70	0.73	0.69	0.66	0.67	0.65	0.56	0.57
	20	0.60	0.64	0.63	0.64	0.64	0.63	0.64	0.57	0.50	0.47
Step length (cm)	80	60.93	65.41	62.62	63.75	63.19	61.33	58.33	58.06	54.06	51.26
	60	57.55	60.89	60.39	59.30	59.06	57.79	55.03	55.04	49.98	46.84
	40	54.29	57.98	58.64	56.66	56.30	55.83	53.48	51.61	48.07	44.50
	20	50.27	55.01	55.85	54.30	53.16	52.42	51.91	46.54	40.60	41.77
Height-adjusted step length	80	0.39	0.40	0.39	0.40	0.40	0.39	0.38	0.37	0.36	0.35
	60	0.37	0.38	0.39	0.38	0.38	0.37	0.36	0.36	0.32	0.32
	40	0.35	0.37	0.36	0.36	0.36	0.35	0.36	0.34	0.32	0.30
	20	0.33	0.34	0.36	0.34	0.34	0.34	0.34	0.31	0.28	0.28
Step width (cm)	80	62.00	66.27	63.68	64.59	64.03	62.14	58.93	58.95	55.62	52.64
	60	58.57	62.35	61.11	60.52	59.92	58.92	55.93	55.77	51.18	48.86
	40	55.23	59.07	59.79	57.59	57.73	56.72	54.84	52.32	49.84	47.02
	20	51.40	55.87	56.70	55.14	53.94	53.99	52.80	48.80	42.04	43.64
Height-adjusted step width	80	0.40	0.41	0.40	0.41	0.41	0.40	0.38	0.38	0.37	0.36
	60	0.37	0.39	0.39	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.37	0.36	0.34	0.33
	40	0.36	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.36	0.36	0.34	0.32	0.31
	20	0.33	0.35	0.36	0.35	0.34	0.35	0.34	0.32	0.29	0.29
Stride width (cm)	80	11.60	12.09	12.29	10.16	10.86	11.24	10.47	11.32	12.82	12.88
	60	9.84	10.49	10.03	9.55	10.14	9.93	8.46	9.03	9.72	11.41
	40	8.55	8.89	9.42	8.33	8.71	9.48	7.12	8.09	8.20	9.53
	20	7.09	7.60	6.74	7.03	7.44	7.01	5.49	6.71	7.15	8.29
Feet external rotation (°)	80	9.54	5.71	6.07	7.56	10.30	9.72	9.36	9.60	12.23	11.70
	60	6.03	2.13	4.73	5.93	8.10	7.40	5.13	7.87	9.45	7.88
	40	3.34	−1.90	3.20	2.86	4.19	4.06	1.72	5.25	4.18	6.01
	20	0.28	−4.10	0.80	−1.08	1.02	0.33	0.23	2.37	1.21	2.78
Stance time (%GC)	80	63.02	62.28	62.12	62.90	62.69	62.75	63.00	62.96	64.83	63.83
	60	62.16	61.10	61.45	61.68	61.84	62.20	62.45	61.88	63.71	63.13
	40	61.11	60.38	60.61	60.57	61.03	61.55	61.15	61.04	62.78	62.46
	20	60.32	59.81	59.65	59.95	60.42	60.61	60.47	60.32	61.42	61.27
Single support time (s)	80	0.42	0.43	0.43	0.41	0.41	0.43	0.42	0.43	0.43	0.43
	60	0.40	0.42	0.41	0.40	0.40	0.41	0.40	0.41	0.40	0.41
	40	0.39	0.40	0.40	0.38	0.39	0.40	0.38	0.40	0.39	0.39
	20	0.38	0.39	0.39	0.37	0.38	0.38	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.36
Double support time (s)	80	0.29	0.26	0.26	0.29	0.27	0.29	0.29	0.28	0.37	0.33
	60	0.25	0.24	0.24	0.23	0.24	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.30	0.28
	40	0.23	0.21	0.22	0.21	0.22	0.23	0.22	0.22	0.26	0.25
	20	0.20	0.19	0.19	0.18	0.21	0.22	0.20	0.21	0.22	0.24
Cadence (steps/min)	80	123	123	120	129	123	122	126	122	121	124
	60	118	118	118	123	117	118	122	117	115	115
	40	114	113	113	116	115	114	117	113	110	112
	20	107	107	108	109	110	104	106	107	102	100
Height-adjusted cadence	80	1538	1566	1528	1611	1564	1528	1552	1517	1493	1489
	60	1471	1483	1474	1531	1471	1481	1504	1448	1400	1405
	40	1417	1429	1434	1471	1437	1404	1449	1381	1339	1361
	20	1342	1361	1346	1406	1387	1296	1321	1346	1253	1220

Abbreviations: Mean (SD), mean (standard deviation); cm/s, centimeter/second; stance time (%GC), percentage of stance time out of gait cycle; cm, centimeter; s, second; GS, gait speed.