Health Status and Functional Abilities of Elderly Males Visiting Primary Health-care Centers in Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Assessment of General Health and Body Pain Among Elderly Population

Parameters	Overall N (%) (N=171)	Age Group in Years			χ^2	P-value^a
		60–69 N (%) (N=90)	70–79 N (%) (N=50)	≥80 N (%) (N=31)
General Health (N=155)
Excellent	22 (14.2)	13 (16.0)	07 (15.9)	02 (06.7)	18.621	0.017*
Very good	50 (32.3)	31 (38.3)	13 (29.5)	06 (20.0)
Good	51 (32.9)	25 (30.9)	17 (38.6)	09 (30.0)
Fair	30 (19.4)	12 (14.8)	07 (15.9)	11 (36.7)
Poor	02 (01.3)	0	0	02 (06.7)
Body pain (N=154)
None	24 (15.6)	16 (19.8)	05 (11.6)	03 (10.0)	28.295	<0.001*
Very mild	42 (27.3)	26 (32.1)	12 (27.9)	04 (13.3)
Mild	38 (24.7)	25 (30.9)	09 (20.9)	04 (13.3)
Moderate	43 (27.9)	11 (13.6)	17 (39.5)	15 (50.0)
Severe	07 (04.5)	03 (03.7)	0	04 (13.3)

Notes: ^aP-value has been calculated using chi-squared test. *Significant at p<0.05 level.

Figure 1 Assessment of activities of daily living of the elderly population.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of Activities of Daily Living in Accordance to Age Group

ADL Subscales	Total N (%) (N=171)	Age Group in Years			F-Test/χ^2	P-value
		60–69 N (%) (N=90)	70–79 N (%) (N=50)	≥80 N (%) (N=31)
BADL (mean ±SD)^a	5.71±1.4	5.46±1.17	5.70±1.42	6.48±1.73	F=6.598	0.002*
BADL level^b
No impairment	123 (71.9)	72 (80.0)	37 (74.0)	14 (45.2)	χ^2=15.396	0.004*
Mild impairment	35 (20.5)	14 (15.6)	10 (20.0)	11 (35.5)
Moderate impairment	13 (07.6)	04 (04.4)	03 (06.0)	06 (19.4)
Severe impairment	0	0	0	0
Total impairment	0	0	0	0
IADL (mean ±SD)^a	12.3±4.28	10.6±3.35	12.4±3.81	17.2±3.69	F=39.633	<0.001*
IADL level^b
No impairment	32 (18.7)	23 (25.6)	08 (16.0)	01 (03.2)	χ^2=75.082	<0.001*
Mild impairment	61 (35.7)	41 (45.6)	17 (34.0)	03 (09.7)
Moderate impairment	40 (23.4)	21 (23.3)	16 (32.0)	03 (09.7)
Severe impairment	36 (21.1)	05 (05.6)	09 (18.0)	22 (71.0)
Total impairment	02 (01.2)	0	0	02 (06.5)

Notes: ^aP-value has been calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test. ^bP-value has been calculated using chi-squared test. *Significant at p<0.05 level.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities for daily living; BADL, basic activities for daily living; IADL, instrumental activities for daily living.

Table 3 Geriatric Review and Other Characteristics of Elderly Population (N=171)

Statement	N (%)
Difficulties in driving, watching TV, or reading because of poor eyesight	87 (51.2)
Used of hearing aids	31 (18.1)
Having problems with memory	52 (30.4)
Often feeling sad or depressed	60 (35.3)
Unintentionally lost weight in the last six months	26 (15.5)
Having trouble with control of bladder	58 (34.1)
Having trouble with control of bowels	19 (11.2)
Frequency of falls experienced in the past year
None	94 (57.3)
Once	35 (21.3)
Two times or more	35 (21.3)
Drinking alcohol	15 (09.8)
Frequency of alcohol consumption/week
None	138 (90.2)
<10 times/week	09 (05.9)
≥10 times/week	06 (03.9)
Do you live with anyone?	153 (93.3)
If yes, who?
Spouse	53 (34.6)
Child	44 (28.8)
Other	02 (01.3)
Relative	54 (35.3)
Who would help you with health-care decisions if you were not able to communicate your wishes?
Spouse	121 (98.4)
Child	02 (01.6)
How many medicines do you take, including prescribed, over the counter and vitamins?
None	33 (20.8)
1–2	53 (33.3)
>2	73 (45.9)
What is your system for taking your medications?
Pill box	60 (45.8)
Family help	50 (38.2)
List or chart	20 (15.3)
None	01 (0.80)
Are you sexually active?	67 (39.9)
Has anyone intentionally tried to harm you?	16 (09.4)
Have you had a shot to prevent pneumonia?	36 (21.1)
Dementia screening (N=164)^a
Positive	17 (10.4)
Negative	147 (89.6)

Note: ^aOnly 164 participants completed the screening test.

Table 4 Characteristics of Elderly Participants and Their Functional Status Based on ADL Subscales

Factors	BADL Score (15) Mean ±SD	T/F-Test; P-value	IADL Score (21) Mean ±SD	T/F-Test; P-value
Age group^a
60–69 years	5.46±1.17	F=6.598; 0.001*	10.6±3.35	F=39.633; <0.001*
70–79 years	5.70±1.42		12.4 ± 3.81
≥80 years	6.48±1.73		17.2±3.69
Difficulties in driving, watching TV or reading because of poor eyesight^b
Yes	6.09±1.63	T=3.684; <0.001*	14.1±4.15	T=6.075; <0.001*
No	5.33±1.00		10.5±3.59
Used of hearing aids^b
Yes	5.84±1.69	T=0.584; 0.715	13.3±4.38	T=1.451; 0.145
No	5.68±1.34		12.1±4.25
Having problems with memory^b
Yes	6.44±1.93	T=4.767; <0.001*	14.1±4.26	T=3.682; <0.001*
No	5.39±0.94		11.5±4.08
Often feeling sad or depressed^b
Yes	5.93±1.61	T=1.522; 0.108	12.5±3.70	T=0.370; 0.453
No	5.59±1.27		12.2±4.60
Unintentionally lost weight in the last six months^b
Yes	6.31±1.78	T=2.335; 0.008*	13.4±4.05	T=1.436; 0.140
No	5.61±1.31		12.1±4.29
Having trouble with control of bladder^b
Yes	6.16±1.66	T=2.986; 0.001*	14.5±4.08	T=5.147; <0.001*
No	5.49±1.20		11.2±3.94
Having trouble with control of bowels^b
Yes	6.00±1.76	T=0.993; 0.828	13.7±4.38	T=1.522; 0.135
No	5.66±1.34		12.2±4.26
Frequency of falls experienced in the past year^a
None	5.32±0.96	F=15.560; <0.001*	10.6±3.69	F=24.168; <0.001*
Once	5.77±1.31		14.3±4.01
Two times or more	6.77±2.03		15.1±3.86
Drinking alcohol^b
Yes	5.47±1.06	T=−0.818; 0.395	8.53±2.64	T=−3.912; <0.001*
No	5.79±1.49		12.9±4.31
Frequency of alcohol consumption/week^a
None	5.79±1.49	F=0.546; 0.641	12.9±4.31	F=7.837; <0.001*
<10 times/week	5.67±1.32		9.11±3.22
≥10 times/week	5.17±0.41		7.67±1.21
Do you live with anyone?^b
Yes	5.73±1.46	T=0.215; 0.378	12.6±4.33	T=2.362; 0.021*
No	5.64±0.92		9.45±3.08
If yes, who?^a
Spouse	5.34±1.16	F=3.161; 0.004*	10.9±3.60	F=5.572; 0.002*
Child	6.20±1.71		14.3±3.94
Other	5.00±0.00		10.5±0.71
Relative	5.74±1.39		12.6±4.77
Who would help you with health care decisions if you were not able to communicate your wishes? ^b
Spouse	5.88±1.58	T=0.787; 0.493	13.1±4.42	T=1.933; 0.027*
Child	5.00±0.00		7.00±0.00
How many medicines do you take, including prescribed, over the counter and vitamins?^a
None	5.21±0.86	F=6.140; <0.001*	9.42±3.58	F=13.477; <0.001*
1–2	5.51±1.15		12.8±3.99
>2	6.12±1.65		13.8±4.19
What is your system for taking your medications?^a
Pill box	5.30±0.79	F=12.320; <0.001*	10.6±2.83	F=48.581; <0.001*
Family help	6.54±1.86		16.6±2.76
List or chart	5.00±0.00		9.45±3.59
None	8.00±0		16.0±0
Are you sexually active?^b
Yes	5.07±0.40	T=−5.239; <0.001*	9.45±2.60	T=−8.887; <0.001*
No	6.16±1.66		14.4±4.01
Has anyone intentionally tried to harm you?^b
Yes	5.69±1.40	T=−0.077; 0.864	10.8±2.83	T=−1.479; 0.232
No	5.72±1.41		12.5±4.38
Have you had a shot to prevent pneumonia?^b
Yes	5.56±1.16	T=−0.759; 0.577	11.7±4.36	T=−0.891; 0.330
No	5.76±1.46		12.5±4.27
Dementia screening^b
Positive	5.88±1.73	T=0.523; 0.817	12.7±4.79	T=0.377; 0.856
Negative	5.69±1.37		12.3±4.23
Self-rated health status^a
Excellent	5.05±0.21	F=7.974; <0.001*	9.32±3.30	F=16.273; <0.001*
Very good	5.20±0.78		10.3±3.42
Good	5.78±1.46		13.7±3.78
Fair	6.60±1.65		15.6±4.05
Poor	5.50±0.71		17.5±0.71
Self-rated body pain^a		F=5.782; <0.001*		F=20.830; <0.001*
None	5.00±0.00		8.33±2.03
Very mild	5.26±0.86		10.6±3.28
Mild	5.68±1.32		13.0±3.77
Moderate	6.23±1.65		15.3±3.99
Severe	6.43±1.81		16.3±4.03

Notes: ^aP-value has been calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test. ^bP-value has been calculated using Mann–Whitney U-test; *Significant at p<0.05 level.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities for daily living; BADL, basic activities for daily living; IADL, instrumental activities for daily living.