Changes in Menopausal Risk Factors in Early Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women After 13 Months of High-Intensity Exercise: The Randomized Controlled ACTLIFE-RCT

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participant flow through the study.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the ACTLIFE-RCT Study

Variables	CG (n=27) MV ± SD	EG (n=27) MV ± SD
Age [years]	54.5 ± 1.6	53.6 ± 2.0
Body height [cm]	164.5 ± 8.2	164.2 ± 6.0
Body mass [kg]	67.4 ± 14.6	64.0 ± 9.6
BMI [Weight/(Height*Height)]	24.9 ± 4.8	23.7 ± 3.4
Calcium intake [mg/d]	642 ± 265	645 ± 252
Vit-D level (25-OHD) [ng/mL]	21.6 ± 10.8	27.8 ± 11.7
Years after menopause [yr]	3.5 ± 1.1	3.7 ± 1.0
Exercise volume [min/week]	45.6 ± 38.4	63.7 ± 47.5
Waist circumference [cm]	91.1 ± 9.9	87.8 ± 8.6
Energy intake^a [kcal/d]	2067 ± 355	2009 ± 444
Protein intake [g/kg/body mass/d]	1.20±0.21	1.18±0.27
Fat intake [g/d]	86 ± 24	84 ± 21
Alcohol intake^a [g/d]	5.53 ± 6.39	2.63 ± 4.06
Smokers [%]	11	7
Ovariectomy <50 years [n]	0	1^b
Family disposition^c [n]	9	7

Notes: ^aAs determined by a 4-day dietary protocol, see methods; ^bAt age 47 years; ^cFragility fractures or verified osteoporosis in close relatives (parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents).

Table 2 Baseline Data and Changes of BMD at LS and TH in the CG and EG and Corresponding Between Group Differences. *P<0.05

	CG MV±SD	EG MV±SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-value
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the lumbar spine [mg/cm^2]
Baseline	0.904 ± 0.097	0.873 ± 0.130	————	0.314
Changes	−.009 ± 0.018*	0.002 ± 0.018	0.011 (0.001 to 0.021)	0.027
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the total hip [[mg/cm^2]
Baseline	0.826 ± 0.056	0.804 ± 0.099	———–	0.337
Changes	−.009 ± 0.020*	−.001 ± 0.016	0.008 (−.002 to 0.017)	0.129

Table 3 Baseline Data and Changes of Anthropometric Parameters in the CG and EG and Corresponding Between Group Differences. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001

	CG MV±SD	EG MV±SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-value
(Soft) Lean Body Mass (LBM)[kg]
Baseline	41.34 ± 6.43	40.39 ± 4.78	————	0.544
Changes	−0.37 ± 1.34	0.39 ± 1.08*	0.76 (0.10 to 1.43)	0.026
Total Body Fat Percentage [%]
Baseline	34.2 ± 6.9	34.0 ± 5.0	———–	0.866
Changes	−0.02 ± 1.55	−1.44 ± 1.49***	1.42 (0.54 to 2.29)	0.002
Abdominal Body Fat Percentage [%]
Baseline	28.6 ± 9.2	28.5 ± 7.0	————	0.972
Changes	0.08 ± 2.02	−1.50 ± 2.33**	1.58 (0.38 to 2.78)	0.011

Table 4 Baseline Data and Changes of the Metabolic Syndrome Z-Score in the CG and EG and Corresponding Between Group Differences

	CG MV±SD	EG MV±SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-value
Metabolic Syndrome Z-Score [Index]
Baseline	−4.15 ± 3.99	−5.51 ± 2.43	————	0.143
Changes	0.77 ± 2.07	0.08 ± 1.29	0.69 (−0.20 to 1.65)	0.149

Table 5 Baseline Data and Changes of Menopausal Symptoms According to MRS II and Low Back Frequency in the CG and EG and Corresponding Between Group Differences. **P<0.01

	CG MV ± SD	EG MV ± SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-value
Menopause Rating Scale II [Score Points]^a
Baseline	1.20 ± 0.52	1.06 ± 0.64	————–	0.365
Changes	−0.01 ± 0.54	−0.32 ± 0.51**	−0.31 (0.03 to 0.59)	0.029

Notes: ^aScale from 1 (no complaints) to 5 (very serious complaints).

Table 6 Baseline Data and Changes of Maximum Hip/Leg Extension Strength and Maximum Jumping Height in the CG and EG and Corresponding Between Group Differences. *** P<0.001

	CG MV ± SD	EG MV ± SD	Difference MV (95% CI)	p-value
Maximum hip/leg extension strength (leg press) [N]
Baseline	2056 ± 576	2073± 429	————–	0.901
Changes	46 ± 187	607 ± 285 ***	561 (427 to 694)	<0.001
Maximum jumping height (counter movement jump) [cm]
Baseline	19.1 ± 3.2	19.4 ± 3.7	————–	0.807
Changes	0.55 ± 1.82	4.10 ± 2.41 ***	3.56 (2.38 to 4.72)	<0.001